HRK (gene)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Harakiri, BCL2 interacting protein (contains only BH3 domain)

Identifiers

HRK; DP5; HARAKIRI

External IDs

OMIM: 603447 MGI: 1201608 HomoloGene: 37853

Gene ontology
Molecular Function:	• protein binding
Biological Process:	• induction of apoptosis • negative regulation of survival gene product activity • regulation of apoptosis

RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data

Orthologs

Human

Mouse

n/a

n/a

Refseq

NM_003806 (mRNA)
NP_003797 (protein)

NM_007545 (mRNA)
NP_031571 (protein)

Location

Chr 12: 115.78 - 115.8 Mb

n/a

Pubmed search

[1]

[2]

Harakiri, BCL2 interacting protein (contains only BH3 domain), also known as HRK, is a human gene.^[1]

Activator of apoptosis Hrk regulates apoptosis through interaction with death-repressor proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L). The HRK protein lacks significant homology to other BCL2 family members except for an 8-amino acid region that was similar to the BCL2 homology domain-3 (BH3) motif of BIK. HRK interacts with BCL2 and BCLXL via the BH3 domain, but not with the death-promoting BCL2-related proteins BAX, BAK, or BCLXS. HRK localizes to membranes of intracellular organelles in a pattern similar to that previously reported for BCL2 and BCLXL.^[1]

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b Entrez Gene: HRK harakiri, BCL2 interacting protein (contains only BH3 domain).

[edit] Further reading

Inohara N, Ding L, Chen S, Núñez G (1997). "harakiri, a novel regulator of cell death, encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival-promoting proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L).". EMBO J. 16 (7): 1686-94. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.7.1686. PMID 9130713.
Imaizumi K, Morihara T, Mori Y, et al. (1999). "The cell death-promoting gene DP5, which interacts with the BCL2 family, is induced during neuronal apoptosis following exposure to amyloid beta protein.". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (12): 7975-81. PMID 10075695.
Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (2001). "DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination.". Genome Res. 10 (11): 1788-95. PMID 11076863.
Sanz C, Mellstrom B, Link WA, et al. (2001). "Interleukin 3-dependent activation of DREAM is involved in transcriptional silencing of the apoptotic Hrk gene in hematopoietic progenitor cells.". EMBO J. 20 (9): 2286-92. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.9.2286. PMID 11331593.
Bae J, Hsu SY, Leo CP, et al. (2001). "Underphosphorylated BAD interacts with diverse antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins to regulate apoptosis.". Apoptosis 6 (5): 319-30. PMID 11483855.
Wakabayashi T, Kosaka J, Hommura S (2002). "Up-regulation of Hrk, a regulator of cell death, in retinal ganglion cells of axotomized rat retina.". Neurosci. Lett. 318 (2): 77-80. PMID 11796190.
Sanz C, Horita M, Fernandez-Luna JL (2004). "Fas signaling and blockade of Bcr-Abl kinase induce apoptotic Hrk protein via DREAM inhibition in human leukemia cells.". Haematologica 87 (9): 903-7. PMID 12217801.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899-903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932.
Jurisicova A, Antenos M, Varmuza S, et al. (2003). "Expression of apoptosis-related genes during human preimplantation embryo development: potential roles for the Harakiri gene product and Caspase-3 in blastomere fragmentation.". Mol. Hum. Reprod. 9 (3): 133-41. PMID 12606589.
Whitfield J, Harada K, Bardelle C, Staddon JM (2004). "High-throughput methods to detect dimerization of Bcl-2 family proteins.". Anal. Biochem. 322 (2): 170-8. PMID 14596824.
Obata T, Toyota M, Satoh A, et al. (2004). "Identification of HRK as a target of epigenetic inactivation in colorectal and gastric cancer.". Clin. Cancer Res. 9 (17): 6410-8. PMID 14695142.
Sunayama J, Ando Y, Itoh N, et al. (2005). "Physical and functional interaction between BH3-only protein Hrk and mitochondrial pore-forming protein p32.". Cell Death Differ. 11 (7): 771-81. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401418. PMID 15031724.
Chen L, Willis SN, Wei A, et al. (2005). "Differential targeting of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins by their BH3-only ligands allows complementary apoptotic function.". Mol. Cell 17 (3): 393-403. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.12.030. PMID 15694340.
Kuwana T, Bouchier-Hayes L, Chipuk JE, et al. (2005). "BH3 domains of BH3-only proteins differentially regulate Bax-mediated mitochondrial membrane permeabilization both directly and indirectly.". Mol. Cell 17 (4): 525-35. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.02.003. PMID 15721256.
Certo M, Del Gaizo Moore V, Nishino M, et al. (2006). "Mitochondria primed by death signals determine cellular addiction to antiapoptotic BCL-2 family members.". Cancer Cell 9 (5): 351-65. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.03.027. PMID 16697956.