Hose clamp
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A hose clamp or hose clip is a device used to attach and seal a hose onto a fitting such as a barb or nib. A hose clamp is not the same as a pipe clamp which is a clamp made partly out of a pipe, not a clamp for clamping pipe.
Contents |
[edit] Types
Many types are available, including :
[edit] Screw/band clamps
Screw clamps consist of a band (usually stainless steel in the USA) into which a screw thread pattern has been cut or pressed. One end of the band contains a captive screw. The clamp is put around the hose or tube to be connected, with the loose end being fed into a narrow space between the band and the captive screw. When the screw is turned, it acts as a worm drive pulling the threads of the band, causing the band to tighten around the hose (or when screwed the opposite direction, to loosen). Screw clamps are normally used for hoses 1/2 in diameter and up, with other clamps used for smaller hoses.
Pairs of screw clamps on a short rubber unit form a "no-hub band," often used for attaching sections of domestic wastewater piping, or used for other pipes as a flexible coupler (to fix alignment difficulties or to prevent pipe breakage due to relative movement of sections) or an emergency repair.
They can also be used in a similar way, as a simple means for the transmission of small amounts of power. A short length of hose is clipped between two shafts where vibration or variations in alignment may be taken up by the flexibility of the hose. This technique is well adapted to use for mock-ups in a development laboratory.
This type of clamp was invented in 1921 by ex Royal Navy Commander, Lumley Robinson, who founded L. Robinson & Co (Gillingham) Ltd., a business in Gillingham, Kent. The company owns the trademark for Jubilee Clip.
A similar type of clamp to the screw band, also with a solid screw and an interesting history, described here: Marman clamp.
[edit] Spring clamps
Spring clamps are typically made from a strip of spring steel, cut so that one side has a narrow protrusion centered on the end, and the other side a pair of narrow protrusions on either side. The ends of these protrusions are then bent outwards, and the strip rolled to form a ring, with the protruding tabs intermeshing. To use the clamp, the exposed tabs are pressed towards each other (typically using pliers), increasing the diameter of the ring, and the clamp is slid onto the hose, past the portion that will go onto the barb. The hose is then fit onto the barb, the clamp expanded again, slid onto the portion of the hose over the barb, then released, compressing the hose onto the barb. Clamps of this design are rarely used for high pressures or large hoses, as they would require unwieldy amounts of steel to generate enough clamping force, and be impossible to work with using just hand tools. They are commonly used on automotive cooling system hoses several inches in diameter, for example on most water-cooled Volkswagen automobiles.
Spring clamps are particularly suited for confined or otherwise awkward places where other clip types would require tightening tools applied from narrow and possibly inaccessible angles. This has made them particularly popular for applications such as automotive engine bays and for securing barb connections in PC water-cooling.
Another type of spring clamp, typically only used on vacuum hoses, is just a piece of spring steel wire bent into a loop, with the ends curled to provide handles. These are used similar to standard spring clamps, but are just pinched by hand, and provide very little clamping force. Rather than attempting to seal a hose into a barb, they just place a slight pressure on the hose, helping to keep it from sliding off the barb.
[edit] Wire clamps
Wire clamps consist of a piece of heavy wire, typically steel, first bent into a tight U, then formed into a ring shape with one end overlapping the other, and finally the ends bent outwards and cut. A captive nut is attached to one end, and a captive screw to the other. When the screw is tightened, the overlapped ends of the wire are pushed apart, tightening the wire loop around the hose. For an explanation of why this seemingly awkward design is used, see the section on sealing the connection.
[edit] Stepless® Ear Clamps
Stepless® Ear Clamps consist of a band (usually stainless steel) into which an “ear” or closing element has been formed. The clamp is placed over the end of the hose or tube to be connected and when the ear is closed with tools designed or endorsed by the manufacturer at the base of the ear, it permanently deforms, pulling the band, and causing the band to tighten around the hose.
The integrated dimple in the clamp’s “ear” effectively increases the clamping force once the tool is removed. It also provides a spring effect when the diameter of the hose or tube contracts or expands due to thermal or mechanical effects.
The term ”Stepless®” refers to the absence of steps or gaps on the inner circumference of the clamp. The Stepless® design provides uniform compression and a 360° seal.
Other features of this style of clamp include narrow band widths, which result in a concentrated seal compression of the hose or tube and tamper resistance due to the permanent deformation of the clamp’s “ear”. Closing the clamp “ear” with a recommended, constant tool jaw force, the clamp will compensate for any component tolerance variations. At the same time, this assembly method assures that a uniform and repeatable stress is applied to the application in addition to a consistent tensile force on the clamp material.
This type of clamp was invented by Hans Oetiker in Horgen, Switzerland under the registered trade mark ‘Stepless® Ear Clamp’; the company manufactures them today with a great design variety at their worldwide network of companies.
Stepless® Ear Clamps are especially well suited to applications involving both flexible and inflexible thin-walled hoses. The higher retained loads of the Stepless® Heavy Duty Series Clamps, are ideal for difficult to seal applications such as molded plastics or other less malleable materials, commonly used in the automotive industry.
[edit] Other methods
Many other methods can be used to attach hoses or tubing, such as compression fittings (where a nylon or soft metal ferrule is compressed onto the hose by the tightening of the fitting), push-fit fittings (where the hose is inserted inside of a compression sleeve, designed such that force against the hose causes the sleeve to tighten), swage fittings/crimp fittings (where a stiff collar is compressed onto the hose), clamp fittings (where two blocks are tightened onto the sides of the hose, often found on garden hoses), and a multitude of others. However, these devices are not typically referred to as hose clamps.
[edit] Uses and applications
Hose clamps are typically limited to moderate pressures, such as those found in automotive and home applications. At high pressures, especially with large hose sizes, the clamp would have to be unwieldy to be able to withstand the forces expanding it without allowing the hose to slide off the barb or a leak to form. For these high pressure applications, compression fittings, thick crimp fittings, or other designs are normally used.
Hose clamps are frequently used for things other than their intended use, and are often used as a more permanent version of duct tape wherever a tightening band around something would be useful. The screw band type in particular is very strong, and is used for non-plumbing purposes far more than the other types. These clamps can be found doing everything from mounting signs to holding together emergency (or otherwise) home repairs.
Some things seen assembled with hose clamps include the tail boom on a GMP Cricket model helicopter, a homemade gas scooter, makeshift pipe hangers, mounts for rooftop TV and shortwave antennas, and virtually every imaginable automobile body component.
[edit] Sealing and mechanical strength
One of the fundamental goals of most hose clamps is to ensure a tight seal between the hose and the barb, preventing the working fluid from escaping. To this goal, they are designed to provide even pressure on all sides, with no gaps. An example of this would be wire clamps. An obvious design would seem to be simply having a wire around the hose, one end attached to a nut, and the other end to the screw, and when tightened, pulling the ends of the wire towards each other. However, this will leave a gap where no pressure is applied (underneath the screw), and cause a leak. To combat this, the more complicated and weaker design of having the ends overlap and then be pushed apart from each other is used, as this ensures pressure around the entire circumference of the hose.
To ensure a good seal, the barb must be smooth and free of nicks, scratches, or contamination. Stuck hoses should never be removed by slitting them, as this can leave a scratch on the barb which will cause a leak.
The other goal of a hose clamp is to provide mechanical attachment, to keep the hose from coming off the barb. To do this, they are typically placed behind a raised part of the barb, such that if the clamp does not slide on the hose, the clamp would have to expand to fit over the raised part, thus preventing the hose from being removed.
