Holland Tunnel
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| Holland Tunnel | |
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 Holland Tunnel entrance, New Jersey side |
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| Official name | Clifford Milburn Holland Tunnel |
| Carries | 4 lanes of I-78 |
| Crosses | Hudson River |
| Locale | Jersey City, New Jersey and Manhattan in New York City |
| Maintained by | Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |
| Total length | 2,608.48 meters (8,558 feet) (westbound) 2,551.48 meters (8,371 feet) (eastbound) |
| Vertical clearance | 12 feet 6 inches |
| AADT | 93,300[1] |
| Opening date | November 13, 1927 |
| Toll | $8.00 car (eastbound only, into Manhattan) ($6.00 off-peak E-ZPass) |
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The Holland Tunnel is a highway tunnel under the Hudson River connecting the island of Manhattan in New York City with Jersey City, New Jersey at Interstate 78 on the mainland. The tunnel was originally known as the Hudson River Vehicular Tunnel or the Canal Street Tunnel and is one of two highway tunnels under the Hudson River (the Lincoln Tunnel is the other).
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[edit] Description
Begun in 1920 and completed in 1927, it is named after Clifford Milburn Holland (1883 - 1924), Chief Engineer on the project, who died before it was completed. (Famed tunnel designer Ole Singstad finished Holland's work.) The tunnel is one of the earliest examples of a ventilated design, having 80 ft (24 m) diameter fans blowing air in one series of ducts and out another series. Ventilation was required by the advent of the automobile and associated exhaust.
The tunnel consists of a pair of tubes, each providing two lanes in a twenty foot roadway width. The north tube is 8,558 ft (2,608 m) from end to end, while the south tube is slightly shorter at 8,371 ft (2,551 m). Both tubes are situated in the bedrock beneath the river, with the lowest point of the roadway approximately 93 feet (28 m) below mean high water. A nine-lane toll plaza equipped with E-ZPass is located on the New Jersey side of the tunnel. As of 2003, the charge for passage from New Jersey to New York is $8 for cars and $7 for motorcycles (there is no toll in the opposite direction). According to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which controls the tunnel, traffic for 2002 totalled 15,764,000 vehicles, 33,926,000 vehicles in 2004, and 33,964,000 vehicles in 2005. The Tunnel was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993.[2][3][4]
[edit] History
The concept for what would become the Holland Tunnel was developed in 1906 by a joint commission between New York and New Jersey. The commission initially considered building a bridge for cost reasons, but this plan was abandoned in favor of a tunnel in 1913 when it was determined that the cost of land for accessways to a suitably raised bridge would be prohibitive (a height of 200 feet (60 m) was considered the minimum necessary to avoid interfering with shipping.)
Over the next several years, a number of design proposals were evaluated for the new tunnel. The first two called for a single tube containing two levels of traffic. One, authored by engineer George Goethals specified that traffic on each level would travel in a different direction. The other, by the firm Jacobs and Davies, called for a slightly different tube diameter, with an "express" level and a level for slower traffic. Both designs were eventually passed over in favor of a new type of design proposed by engineer Clifford Milburn Holland, in which two separate tubes would each contain two lanes both going in the same direction. Holland's proposal was adopted, and he was named Chief Engineer of the project.
Work on the tunnel, officially designated the "Hudson River Vehicular Tunnel Project", began in October 1920. In 1924, the day before the two halves of the tunnel were scheduled to be linked, 41-year-old Holland died during a tonsillectomy at a health center in Battle Creek, Michigan. Holland was succeeded by Milton H. Freeman, who also died after several months on the job. After Freeman's death, the position was occupied by Ole Singstad, who oversaw the completion of the tunnel and designed its pioneering ventilation system.
[edit] Construction
Tunnel construction required workers to spend large amounts of time under high pressure of up to 47½ pounds per square inch, which was necessary to prevent river water from entering prior to completion of the tubes. "Sandhogs", as they were termed, entered the tunnel through a series of airlocks, and could only remain inside of the tunnel for a designated time period. On exiting the tunnel, the workers were required to undergo controlled decompression in order to avoid the bends, a condition in which nitrogen bubbles form in the blood. Fortunately, no workers died as a result of decompression sickness: the works involved "756,000 decompressions of men coming out of the compressed air workings," which resulted in 528 cases of the bends, none fatal.[5] [6]
[edit] Ventilation system
The most significant design aspect of the Holland Tunnel is its pioneering ventilation system. At the time of its construction, underwater tunnels were a well-established part of civil engineering, but no long vehicular tunnel had been built: the technical hurdle was the ventilation required to evacuate the carbon monoxide emissions, which would otherwise asphyxiate the drivers.[6][7][8][9][10]
[edit] Operation
Completion of the tunnel took nearly seven years, and claimed the lives of fourteen workers. Opened on November 13, 1927, the tunnel was an immediate success. On its first day of operation, 51,694 vehicles passed through, each paying a 50 cent toll, which was intended to defray the tunnel's $48 million price tag. In 1931 the tunnel was passed to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which continues to operate it today. Excluding the initial $48 million in construction, the Port Authority notes $536,600,000 of cumulative capital investment as of December 31, 2005.
Horse-drawn vehicles have always been banned from the tunnel. A few months before the tunnel's opening, there were suggestions that pedestrians would be allowed to cross the tunnel if they paid a toll described as "not encouraging", but no further mention of this was ever made.[11]
[edit] Recent changes
Between 2003 and 2006 the fire protection system in both tunnels was modernized. Temporary fire extinguishers were located in alcoves along the tunnel walls while the water supply was turned off.[12]
[edit] Accidents and terrorism
In 1949, a fire aboard a chemical truck caused enormous damage to the south tube of the tunnel. Although nobody was killed, the fire resulted in 66 injuries and nearly $600,000 worth of damage to the structure. As a result, the Port Authority adopted a strict series of rules on the transportation of hazardous materials within the tunnel.
Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, the tunnel remained closed to all but emergency traffic for nearly a month. When it reopened, strict new regulations were enacted banning single-occupant vehicles and trucks from entering the tunnel. It wasn't until November 17, 2003, that the single occupancy vehicle restrictions were lifted. Tractor trailers and trucks in classes four, five, and six (four, five, and six-axle trucks) are still prohibited from using the tunnel. Cell phone service was turned off after the 2005 terrorist bombings in London, but reinstated a few days later.
On July 7, 2006, a plot to detonate explosives in the tunnels of the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (initially said to be a plot to bomb the Holland Tunnel) was uncovered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In a later update of the source [13], the plot was clarified to be aimed not at the Holland Tunnel but at the PATH rail system between New York and New Jersey.
[edit] Cultural references
- Although the tunnel in the 1996 Sylvester Stallone movie Daylight is never named (potentially to avoid libel accusations by the Port Authority), the movie is set in a tunnel based on the Holland Tunnel.
- The Holland Tunnel is mentioned in the film Something Wild (1986) just before the protagonists drive through it.
- In an episode of I Love Lucy, it is mentioned that Lucy, while learning to drive, attempted to make a U-turn in the Holland Tunnel, thus blocking traffic all the way to East Orange, New Jersey.
- In the video game Grand Theft Auto III, the Holland Tunnel is parodied, named 'Porter Tunnel.'
- Singer John Phillips recorded a song called Holland Tunnel on his John, Wolf King of L.A. album
- In the film The Day After Tomorrow, the tunnel is sealed off due to wide spread flooding.
- The electronica trio The New Deal recorded a song called Holland Tunnel on their live album, This Is Live.
- The New York based No Wave outfit impLOG recorded a 12 inch track called Holland Tunnel Drive.
- In the 1953 horror film The Deadly Mantis the giant insect is finally killed with nerve gas when it hides in Holland Tunnel.
[edit] References
- ^ 2005 NYSDOT Traffic Data Report: AADT Values for Select Toll Facilities. Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
- ^ Holland Tunnel. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service (2007-09-11).
- ^ ["Holland Tunnel", March 1993, by Robie S. LangePDF (1.27 MiB) National Historic Landmark Nomination]. National Park Service (1993-09).
- ^ [Holland Tunnel--Accompanying 12 photos, from 1927-1992.PDF (1.20 MiB) National Historic Landmark Nomination]. National Park Service (1993-09).
- ^ Singstad, Ole (1928), Norwegian-American Technical Journal 1 (3): 1-3, 10
- ^ a b Saga in Steel and Concrete, pp. 181-190
- ^ Saga in Steel and Concrete, pp. 191–202
- ^ “Studies and Methods Adopted for Ventilating the Holland Vehicular Tunnels”, Engineering News-Record 98: 934-939, 1927-06-09
- ^ “Ventilating the Holland Vehicular Tunnel”, Heating and Ventilating Magazine 23 (79), 1926
- ^ Singstad, Ole. "Singstad". Proceedings of the World Engineering Congress 9: 381-399.
- ^ NY Times article 8-21-1927 page 10
- ^ http://www.panynj.gov/AboutthePortAuthority/PressCenter/PressReleases/PressRelease/index.php?id=585 TRAFFIC ADVISORY - HOLLAND TUNNEL REHABILITATION WORK TO BEGIN MONDAY, OCTOBER 18
- ^ Foreign Plot to Bomb Holland Tunnel Thwarted - Updated, Threat Watch
[edit] External links
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