HMS Dragon (D46)
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| Career |  |
|---|---|
| Class and type: | Danae-class light cruiser |
| Name: | HMS Dragon |
| Ordered: | 1916 |
| Builder: | Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, Greenock |
| Laid down: | January 24, 1917 |
| Launched: | 29 December 1917 |
| Commissioned: | 16 August 1918 |
| Out of service: | To Polish Navy, January 15, 1943 |
| Career |  |
| Name: | ORP Dragon |
| Commissioned: | January 15, 1943 |
| Fate: | Damaged July 7, 1944 and scuttled as part of artificial harbour |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement: | 4,276 tons Full: 5,603 tons After 1924: 4,850 |
| Length: | 445 ft (136 m) |
| Beam: | 46.5 ft (14.2 m) |
| Draught: | 14.5 ft (4.4 m) |
| Propulsion: | Six Yarrow-type water-tube boilers Parsons geared steam turbines Two shafts 40,000 shp |
| Speed: | 29 knots (54 km/h) |
| Range: | 2,300 nm |
| Complement: | 462 |
| Armament: |
1918: six BL 6 in L/45 Mark XII on single mountings CP Mark XIV (152 mm) one 102 mm gun, 8 x 40 mm 2 pdr Pom-pom AA guns, 3 x quadruple mounting Mark VII 2 pounder Mark VIII gun, 12 x 20 mm AA guns, depth charge launcher |
| Armour: | 3 inch side (amidships) 2, 1¾, 1½ side (bow and stern) 1 inch upper decks (amidships) 1 inch deck over rudder |
HMS Dragon, also known in Polish service as ORP Dragon (pl. dragoon), was a D or Danae class cruiser built for the Royal Navy. She was launched in Glasgow, in December of 1917, and scuttled in July 1944 off the Normandy beaches as part of the Arromanches Breakwater.
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[edit] History
[edit] Pre World War II
One of the fastest-built ships of the time, the Dragon, pennant number D46 (note, at this time the Royal Navy used the letter D for major warships, not destroyers), was laid down on January 24, 1917 in Glasgow. She was launched on December 29 of the same year. However, it was not until August 16, 1918 that she was finally commissioned by the Royal Navy as HMS Dragon. Armed with six six-inch guns, the light cruiser was commissioned too late to enter service during the World War I. She carried HRH The Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VIII) to Canada in August 1919 to begin a Royal Tour. (Halifax Morning Chronicle, August 18, 1919, page 1.)
She then took part in the Russian Civil War as part of a task force aiding independent Latvia and Estonia against the Bolsheviks and German forces in October and November of 1919. On 17 October 1919 Dragon was hit by 3 shells fired from a battery onshore whilst taking part in operations against German Forces attacking Riga, killing 9 and wounding 4.[1]
In the Interbellum, in 1924, the ship was attached to a task force with HMS Hood, Repulse, Delhi, Danae (which would later replace the ship in the Polish Navy) and Dauntless and for a variety of tasks all over the world. Dragon was stationed in Zanzibar, Ceylon, New Zealand, Fiji, Canada and Jamaica and took part in visits to the USA, Dutch Antilles and Australia. In 1928 she was withdrawn from service and underwent a major refurbishment in Great Britain. Among other changes a seaplane hangar was dismantled.
[edit] Wartime career
During World War II the ship was initially attached to the 7th Cruiser Squadron of the Northern Patrol operating against German U-Boats in the area of the Shetlands.[1] In November she took part in pursuit of the Admiral Graf Spee. In February, HMS Dragon crossed the Mediterranean and returned to the Atlantic. On September 16, 1940 she scored her first victory after capturing the French destroyer Touareg. On September 23 of the same year she reached the area of the port of Dakar, where she took part in Operation Menace against the French fleet stationed there. Together with HMS Ingelfield and Foresight she sunk a French submarine, the Persee and took part in shelling the port itself. After the action she was moved to Freetown, from where she operated against the pocket battleship Admiral Scheer in December.
Until November of 1941 HMS Dragon served as an escort ship of various convoys in the Atlantic, after which it was moved to Asia. On January 20, 1942 she was attached to a task force operating in the Yellow Sea. After the fall of Singapore she was joined with HMS Caledon and the Dutch cruiser HNLMS Jacob van Heemskerk and operated from Ceylon. In May she was moved to Madagascar. The following month the crew of the ship was landed and moved to other units, while the Dragon started her voyage back to Britain for refurbishment. Since the rump crew could not operate the ship independently, it had to be attached to various convoys and it took almost half a year before she finally reached Liverpool via Cape Town, Chatham and Durban.
[edit] Transferred to the Polish Navy
On January 15 of 1943 she was handed over to the Polish Navy, renamed ORP Dragon and manned by a Polish crew. While the name of the ship remained the same it took on a new meaning. Dragon in Polish is smok, while "dragon" in polish means dragoon (a mounted infantry soldier) although the latter still comes in a roundabout way from dragon. Modernized in the Camell Laird shipyard in Birkenhead, she was refitted with new electric plant and installation, radar and armament. The refurbishment was finished on August 23, 1943 and the ship was moved to Scapa Flow. From there she operated as part of various convoy escorts. On February 20, 1944 she was joined by HMS Berwick and HMS Jamaica and escorted the JW.57 convoy to Murmansk. On a return trip the ship escorted the RA.57 convoy. Upon her return she was attached to various larger ships for training of sea to land operations before the Battle of Normandy. Finally on June 2 she was attached to a flotilla composed of HMS Ramillies, HMS Warspite, HMS Mauritius, HMS Frobisher, HMS Arethusa, and HMS Danae, and 24 smaller vessels and headed for Normandy.
The ship saw action at the Normandy Landings as part of Operation Neptune, shelling German shore batteries at Colleville-sur-Orne and at Trouville (Sword Beach) from a distance of four kilometres. A near miss by a German 105 mm shore battery gun wounded three sailors. She withdrew under cover of HMS Ramillies and HMS Roberts, whose fire destroyed the battery. In the evening of D-Day she moved to Juno Beach sector, to support the advancing Allied troops. The following day the ship shelled German positions in and around the town of Caen. However, on June 8 a communication systems failure prevented the ship from further bombardment and it was not until late at night that she again opened fire against the German 21st Panzer Division near Varaville. The following day she took part in an artillery duel with a shore battery at Houlugatte, after which she returned to Portsmouth for refuelling and supplies. Between June 12 and June 17 she again shelled German positions near Caen, Gouneville, Lebisey and Varaville. During that time she also evaded a torpedo attack by an unknown submarine. On June 18 she was bound for Portsmouth escorting HMS Nelson which had struck by a naval mine.
[edit] Damage and scuttling
On July 7, 1944 Dragon returned to the area off Caen where she was to take part in the final artillery preparations for capturing the city after a month long siege. The following day, at 5:40 AM, while waiting for the order to open fire at , the Dragon was hit by a German manned torpedo Neger with the loss of 26 men. The explosion caused a fire in the 3rd magazine, which had to be filled with water. Also, the 3rd engine was hit and the ship started to sink on her port side. The angle of list reached 9°, but the situation was stabilized by the captain who ordered all the turrets to train their barrels to the starboard. Although additional 11 sailors died of wounds, the situation was stabilized and the ship was moved to a shallow where she was to await the ebb tide. After the water was pumped out of the flooded engine room it was discovered that the hull was pierced across two sections and the hole was approximately 5 by 15 metres.
Although still afloat and repairable, it was decided that the ship be abandoned. She was then towed to the Mulberry harbour, where on July 20 she was scuttled to form part of the artificial breakwater near Courseulles. On July 10 she was abandoned by the remaining 340 men and until July 15 the remaining rump crew dismantled the armament. An additional two bodies were found on the ship and the dead were buried at sea. On July 10, the USS LST 494 aided the Dragon by transporting 17 of her officers and 320 of her enlisted men from Normandy to England. On 16 July she was decommissioned and on 4 October 1944 she was replaced in Polish service with the ORP Conrad, formerly HMS Dragon's sistership HMS Danae.
[edit] References
- ^ Orbat.com/Niehorster, http://orbat.com/site/ww2/drleo/017_britain/39_navy/northern-patrol.html
- Colledge, J. J. and Warlow, Ben (2006). Ships of the Royal Navy: the complete record of all fighting ships of the Royal Navy, Rev. ed., London: Chatham. ISBN 9781861762818. OCLC 67375475.
- Jane's Fighting Ships of World War One (1919), Jane's Publishing Company
- U-boat.net
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