Talk:History of Latin America/Sandbox
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Introduction : translated.
[edit] Before Columbus
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[edit] Colonialism
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[edit] 19th century and post-colonial society
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[edit] 20th century under USA leadership
Introduction : translated.
[edit] Before Columbus
Translated.
[edit] Colonialism
Already translate.
[edit] 19th century and post-colonial society
Already translate.
[edit] 20th century under USA leadership
[edit] Years 1900-1920
A turning-point / circumvention is signed with American intervention at Cuba, in 1898 and the Platt Amendment of 1902, which authorizes the United States to intervene in Cuba if they should deem it necessary. The former Monroe Doctrine, which halts European interventions, is thus replaced by Teddy Roosevelt's the Big Stick Diplomacy, which is more interventionist to protect U.S. interests.
In Colombia, America under Theodore Roosevelt buys the Panama Canal construction site from France 1903, but the Columbian elite is opposed to this change of hands. The U.S. backs an insurrection for Panama's independence, which is successful. Panama and the U.S. become allies.
In Mexico, Porfirio Díaz has promised he will abdicate power in 1908. Francisco (I) Madero, a liberal moderate who wants especially to calmly modernize the country to avoid a socialist revolution, launches an electoral campaign to defend liberal ideas, intended to culminate in the elections of 1910. But Díaz falsifies this seventh election, launching in its stead the Mexican Revolution. As the revolting groups organize themselves, the following leaders emerge: Pancho Villa in the north, Emiliano Zapata in the west and south (see also Liberation Army of the South, and a more moderate Madero. The U.S. finally drops Díaz according to the French page, or according to the English page, Madero overthrows Diaz at the battle of Ciudad Juarez in 1911. The overthrown is forced to flee May 27, to the profit of Francisco I Madero, who becomes president November 6, 1911. Madero begins democratizing, but little is done pertaining to land claims, and Zapata continues the revolution. The 18 February 1913 Adolfo de la Huerta, a conservative general, receives U.S. support to organise a coup d'état : Madero is slain the 22. Other chief revolutionaries, namely Pancho Villa, Zapata, and Venustiano Carranza reject this usurper whom the U.S. soon also drops, discontent with his conduct as a dictator; he will leave in July. Zapata and Villa, allies, take Mexico City in March 1914, but they are not at ease in this blue-collar city and prefer to retreat to their respective strongholds. This permits Carranza, after Huerta's flight in July 1914, to lead a fight for victory. So he organizes the suppression of Villa and Zapata's rebel armies, notably by the effective general Álvaro Obregón who wins decisive victories in 1915, takes Mexico City, and becomes de facto president in October 1915. The Mexican Constitution of 1917 is proclaimed, but barely enforced.
Under Carranza's orders and with American military backing, Obregón continues his military pressure on the rebels. Zapata is assassinated April 10, 1919. Carranza, the president, is assassinated May 15, 1920, leaving the the position for Obregón, who is elected. At last in 1923, Pancho Villa is assassinated.
Mexico is finally pacified by the rise to power of a liberal military, a government which is still indisposed to settle the agrarian aspirations of the rural populace.
- See also: Mexican Revolution
- See also: Agrarian land reform in Mexico
[edit] Years 1930-1960
The arrival of Franklin Roosevelt in 1933 gives way to his Good Neighbor Policy and allows certain nationalizations and attainments of American interests. The Platt Amendment is repealed, liberating Cuba. Mexican President Lazaro Cardenas nationalizes certain large American companies, creates Pemex, and redistributes a quantity of land.
Since 1860, Cuba had focused on the cultivation of sugar, of which 82% was now feeding into the American market. Cuba was described however as being the brothel of the U.S., where one finds all sorts of pleasures provided he is rich. The U.S. intervened many times to suppress popular uprisings, and to maintain Cuban governments favorable to its own interests. The latter country had a socially advanced constitution whose execution was, however, deeply corrupt, and a large part of the goods and exploits of sugar were at the hands of American companies. Since 1933, Fulgencio Batista was the key autocrat of Cuba. His authoritarian coup in 1952 did not end with an ignoble dictatorship, but it did not change much; corruption endured, and the American presence grew. Certain revolutionaries, such as Fidel Castro, organized a revolution to reestablish a democratic state and free itself from the American influence.
Having left Mexico on a ship christened Ganma December 2, 1956, the 82 sailors are finally reduced to 13, and lead a guerilla coup of the mountain, of which the principal conflict was a work of propaganda, for example via Radio Rebelde. More and more powerful against an unmotivated Cuban army, the guerillas conquered Cuba between October 1958 and January 1, 1959.
But Castro, who first states his position as a non-socialist, finally engages his country in agrarian reforms et nationalizations in May 1959 and especially December 1960 which push John Kennedy to intervene, an event better known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion, April 16, 1961. But instead of taking Cuba back to the American modus operandi, this radicalizes its position, and Cuba proclaims its character definitively socialist, makes friends with the USSR, and arms itself, leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962.
[edit] L'amérique latine Autoritaire (1970-1980)
See also the 1973 Chilean Coup against Salvador Allende, the Just Cause operation in Panama.
[edit] Démocratization since 1990
[edit] Doctrines et politiques américaines ayant porté sur l'Amérique latine
- Doctrine Monroe : "Americas to the americans", refus des interventions européennes.
- Doctrine du Big Stick (1890-1920) : les USA peuvent être la police des états voisins, dans le but de défendre les intérêt US.
- Convention Drago (1902) : recour a la force envisageable pour recouvrer une dette
- Doctrine Tobar (1907) : non reconnaissance des coups d'état
- Doctrine Wilson : croisade pour la démocratie.
- Doctrine de Bon Voisinage (de Hoover à Roosevelt) : une diplomatie d'égale à égale avec ses voisins
- Doctrine Reagan (années 80) : lutter contre tout communisme et socialisme, notamment par des coups d'États.
- Actuellement : avoir de bon rapport avec l'amérique latine, seconde zone mondiale de pétrole et préserver leurs neutralités face aux actions américaines anti-intégriste.
[edit] Years 1930-1960
L'arrivée de Franklin Roosevelt en 1933 permet La politique de Bon Voisinage et tolère certaines nationalisations et atteintes aux intérêts américains, l'amendement Platt est abrogé, libérant Cuba. Le président mexicain Cardenas nationalise certaines grandes entreprises américaine, crée la Pemex, et redistribue quantité de terre.
Cuba théoriquement vouée essentiellement à la culture du sucre depuis 1860, dont 82% va désormais sur le marché américain, est pourtant décrite comme étant le bordel des États-Unis, où tout plaisir se trouve tant qu'on est riche. Les États-Unis interviennent plusieurs fois pour stopper toutes tentatives de soulèvement populaires, et maintenir des gouvernements cubains leurs étant favorables. Le pays a une constitution socialement avancée, mais reste profondément corrompu, et une grande part des biens et exploitations sucrières sont aux mains de compagnies américaines. Depuis 1933, Fulgencio Batista est l'homme clef de Cuba. Sa prise de pouvoir autoritaire en 1952 n'aboutit pas à une ignoble dictature, mais à une dictature où la corruption perdure, et la présence américaine s'accroît. Certains révolutionnaires, tel Fidel Castro, organisent une révolution pour rétablir un état démocratique et se libérer de la présence américaine.
Partis du Mexique sur un navire nommé Ganma le 2 décembre 1956, les 82 barbudos de Castro sont finalement réduit à 13, et mènent une guérilla de montagne, dont l'action principale fut un travail de propagande, par exemple via Radio Rebelde. De plus en plus puissante face à une armée cubaine démotivée, la guérilla conquiert Cuba d'octobre 1958 au 1er janvier 1959.
Mais Castro, qui s'affirme d'abord comme non socialiste, engage finalement son pays dans les réformes agraires et les nationalistations de mai 1959 et surtout décembre 1960 qui poussent John Kennedy à intervenir, c'est l'épisode de la Baie des cochons, le 16 avril 1961. Mais au lieu de ramener Cuba dans la sphère américaine, cela radicalise sa position, et Cuba proclame son caractère socialiste, se rapproche de l'URSS, et s'arme, menant à la crise des missiles de Cuba d'octobre 1962.
[edit] L'amérique latine Autoritaire (1970-1980)
See also the 1973 Chilean Coup against Salvador Allende, the Just Cause operation in Panama.
[edit] Démocratization since 1990
[edit] Doctrines et politiques américaines ayant porté sur l'Amérique latine
- Doctrine Monroe : "Americas to the americans", refus des interventions européennes.
- Doctrine du Big Stick (1890-1920) : les USA peuvent être la police des états voisins, dans le but de défendre les intérêt US.
- Convention Drago (1902) : recour a la force envisageable pour recouvrer une dette
- Doctrine Tobar (1907) : non reconnaissance des coups d'état
- Doctrine Wilson : croisade pour la démocratie.
- Doctrine de Bon Voisinage (de Hoover à Roosevelt) : une diplomatie d'égale à égale avec ses voisins
- Doctrine Reagan (années 80) : lutter contre tout communisme et socialisme, notamment par des coups d'États.
- Actuellement : avoir de bon rapport avec l'amérique latine, seconde zone mondiale de pétrole et préserver leurs neutralités face aux actions américaines anti-intégriste.
