History of the Netherlands (1900-present)
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| History of the Netherlands |
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| Ancient times |
| Germanic tribes |
| Roman Era |
| Migration Period |
| The Medieval Low Countries |
| Frankish Realm / The Franks |
| Holy Roman Empire |
| Burgundian Netherlands |
| Seventeen Provinces |
| Spanish Netherlands |
| Rise and Fall of the Dutch Republic |
| Eighty Years' War |
| United Provinces |
| The Golden Age |
| The Batavian revolution |
| From Republic to Monarchy |
| Batavian Republic |
| Kingdom of Holland |
| First French Empire |
| United Kingdom of the Netherlands |
| The Netherlands in Modern Times |
| Modern History of the Netherlands |
| Netherlands in World War II |
| Luctor et Emergo |
| The Dutch Fight against Water |
| The Miscellaneous Netherlands |
| Military history of the Netherlands |
| History of the Dutch language |
| Dutch literature |
| Dutch influence on naval terms |
| Dutch inventions and discoveries |
Contents |
[edit] Rise of Socialism
In the beginning of the 20th century socialism began to develop in the froot loops. Although the first socialist party, (the Social Democratic League)(in Dutch de mojon) was founded in the 19th century, the electoral system, combined with a policy of containment and repression prevented the development of the socialist movement. In the 1901 election the Social-Democratic Workers' Party jumped from two to six seats in the lower house of parliament, to great unease of the confessional and liberal elite. This unease became even larger when the railway strike of 1903 which disrupted the functioning of Dutch society. The railway strike was followed by a general strike in support of the harsh treatment of railway workers by the confessional government. After the 1913 elections, in which the Social Democrats doubled their seats (from 7 to 15) the Liberal Union tried to form a government coalition with the Social Democrats but the latter refused to cooperate with perceived bourgeois parties.
[edit] World War I
Although its army mobilised when World War I broke out in August 1914, the Netherlands remained a neutral country. The German invasion of Belgium that same year led to a large flow of refugees from that country (about 1 million). The German Imperial Army however did march through a small part of Dutch territory during the invasion of Belgium, effectively 'taking a shortcut'. The government had to accept this to maintain the neutrality of the Netherlands.
The country being surrounded by states at war, and with the North Sea unsafe for civilian ships to sail on, food became scarce; food was now distributed using coupons. An error in food distribution caused the so-called Aardappeloproer (Potato Rebellion) in Amsterdam in 1917, when civilians looted a food transport intended for soldiers. In November 1918 the leader of the Sociaal Democratische Arbeiders Partij (SDAP, Social-Democratic Labour Party), Pieter Jelles Troelstra, called for a socialist revolution among the workers, but his plan met with little enthusiasm.
[edit] Interbellum
Dutch society became divided among four large ideologies, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, liberals/conservatives and Socialism, who tried to protect their populations with a system called verzuiling or Pillarization.
Although both houses of the Dutch parliament were elected by the people, only men with high incomes were eligible for voting. This situation lasted until 1918, when pressure from Socialist movements had resulted in elections in which all men were allowed to vote. From 1922 onward, women could vote as well.
The worldwide Great Depression of 1929 and the early 1930s had crippling effects on the Dutch economy, effects which lasted longer than in most European countries. The long duration of the Great Depression in the Netherlands is often explained by the strict fiscal policy of the Dutch government at the time, and its decision to adhere to the Gold Standard much longer than most of its trading partners. The depression led to large unemployment and poverty, as well as social unrest. Riots in a working class neighbourhood in Amsterdam were put down with army assistance, with fatal consequences (for more details: the Great Depression in the Netherlands)..
The rise of Nazism in Germany did not go unnoticed in the Netherlands, and there was growing concern over the possibility of armed conflict. However, some say the threat of Nazi aggression was not fully acknowledged by the government of the time. An ofted mentioned example is a particular statement by prime minister Hendrik Colijn at the end of his radio speech on the occupation of the Rhineland. He stressed that citizens could sleep safely, because there was no reason for concern.
[edit] World War II
- For details, see the main The Netherlands in World War II article.
- For details on the battle that led to the Dutch surrender in Europe, see the main Battle of the Netherlands article.
At the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the Netherlands declared their neutrality again. However, on May 10, 1940, Nazi Germany launched an attack on the Netherlands and Belgium and overran most of the country quickly, fighting against a poorly equipped Dutch army.
By May 14, fighting was only occurring in a few isolated locations, including Rotterdam. That same day, at 10:35am, Nazi Germany demanded, in an ill-formatted ultimatum — it was signed simply "the commanding officer of the troops at Rotterdam", without giving the exact identity of the sender — that the Netherlands surrender the city within two hours, to which the commander in chief, General Henri Winkelman, replied through the garrison commander at 12:15 that only a correctly signed ultimatum would be considered. Around 13:30 a new ultimatum was handed out to a Dutch officer, and a reply was expected before 16:30. However, at the same time the bombardment of Rotterdam began, killing about 800 people and destroying large parts of the city, leaving 78,000 homeless. Following the bombardment and German threats of the same for Utrecht, general Winkelman capitulated.
However, the capitulation affected only the Royal Netherlands Army — not the Royal Netherlands Navy, the air force or the Netherlands East Indies Army, in the Dutch East Indies. in this way, the Netherlands did not cease to exist, which proved of vital importance for the governing of the overseas territories and for keeping the Navy active against Germany. The royal family and some military forces fled to Britain.
Nazi Germany's civil administration of the Netherlands was headed by Arthur Seyss-Inquart. Persecution of the Jews, of which about 140,000 lived in the Netherlands at the start of the war, including some 20,000 refugees, started immediately after the invasion. In 1942, a transport camp was erected near Westerbork. Concentration camps were built near Vught and Amersfoort. At the end of the war, only about 20,000 of the 140,000 Dutch Jews remained alive. Anne Frank, who later gained world-wide fame when her diary, written in the Achterhuis, while hiding from the Nazis, was found and published, died shortly before the liberation of her camp on May 5, 1945.
Following the refusal of the Netherlands' government-in-exile to allow the sale of oil from the Dutch East Indies to Japan, Japanese forces invaded Dutch territory on January 11, 1942. The Dutch surrendered on March 8, after Japanese troops landed on Java. Dutch citizens were captured and put to work in labour camps. However, many Dutch ships and military personnel managed to reach Australia, from where they were able to fight against the Japanese.
In Europe, after the Allies landed in Normandy in June 1944, they proceeded quickly towards the Dutch border. On September 5 most of the Dutch thought the liberation would be very soon; the day is known as Dolle Dinsdag (Mad Tuesday). On September 17 a daring operation, Operation Market Garden, was staged to make a quick incursion into the southern Netherlands and capture bridges across the three main rivers. The bridge at Arnhem, across the Rhine, could however not be captured. The part south of the rivers was liberated in the period September - November 1944. However, for most of the country people would have to wait until May 1945.
The winter 1944–1945 was very harsh, and many Dutch starved, giving the winter the name Hongerwinter (Hunger winter). On May 5, 1945, following Allied victories in Nazi Germany, Nazi Germany finally surrendered, signing the surrender to the Dutch at Wageningen.
[edit] Post-war years
Allied forces had liberated parts of the Dutch East Indies in mid-1945. Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945, after the United States had dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. Two days later, the colony declared its independence as Indonesia. A confusing phase followed, during the Indonesian National Revolution, with the Netherlands recognising the new country on the one hand,[citation needed] while fighting the Indonesian nationalists including launching two major military offensive termed "police actions". Increasing international pressure from the United Nations, and the United States (which threatened to stop Marshall Plan aid), and Indonesian determination led the Netherlands to accept the new situation. The Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian independence on December 27, 1949. Only Western New Guinea remained Dutch (until 1961).
Although it was originally expected that the loss of the Indies would lead to an economic downfall, the reverse proved to be true, and in the 1950s and '60s the Dutch economy experienced a near unprecedented growth. In fact, the demand for labor was so strong, that immigration was actively encouraged, first from Italy and Spain; then later on, in larger numbers, from Turkey and Morocco. Combined with the immigration from (former) colonies like Indonesia, Surinam and Netherlands Antilles, this meant that the Netherlands was becoming a multicultural country.
The 1960s and 1970s were a time of great social and cultural changes, such as rapid ontzuiling (literally: depillarization), a term that describes the process of the gradual decay of the old divisions along class and religious lines (which had led to things like separate education and separate television broadcasts for Catholics, Protestants, Socialists and Liberals). Youths, and students in particular, rejected the traditional morals and pushed for social change in matters like women's rights, sexuality and environmental issues. Today, the Netherlands is regarded as a very Liberal country, considering its drugs policy and its legalisation of euthanasia. Same-sex marriage became permitted on April 1, 2001. At that time, the Netherlands was the only country where gay marriages were not only allowed, but also considered fully equivalent to heterosexual ones.
In 1952 the Netherlands was among the founders of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) (together with France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg). The ECSC would over time evolve into the European Union. A modern, industrialised nation, the Netherlands is also a large exporter of agricultural products. The country was a founding member of NATO and participated in the introduction of the euro in 1999. In recent years the Dutch have often been a driving force behind the integration of European countries in the European Union.
For a long time Dutch politics were dominated by the Christian Democrat parties, which have been in every government since the 1910s, sometimes in coalition with the liberal party, sometimes with the social democrats. This changed in 1994, when social-democrats and liberals formed the so-called "Purple Cabinet", which governed until 2002. Currently, the government consists of a center-left coalition of Christian Democrats (CDA), Labour Party (PvdA) and a small orthodox Calvinist Party (ChristianUnion).
On May 6, 2002, the murder of Pim Fortuyn, a right-wing populist calling for a very strict policy on immigration, shocked the country. His party became a major political force after the elections, significantly changing the political landscape. However, infighting within the party caused them to lose much of their following in elections the next year. Another political murder took place on November 2, 2004, when film director and publicist Theo van Gogh was assassinated by a Dutch-Moroccan youth with radical Islamic beliefs. This sparked debate on the existence of radical Islam in the Netherlands, and on immigration and integration (or lack thereof).
