History of the National Hockey League (1917–1942)
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The history of the National Hockey League begins with the demise of its predecessor league, the National Hockey Association in 1917. The National Hockey League (NHL) was created as the result of an effort to remove the owner of the Toronto Blueshirts, Eddie Livingstone, from the league. Three of the remaining NHA franchises, the Montreal Canadiens, Montreal Wanderers and Ottawa Senators would form the new league, along with a temporary team in Toronto.
The NHL's first quarter-century would see the league compete against two rival major leagues both for players and the Stanley Cup, and expand to ten teams in Ontario, Quebec and the Northeastern United States by the mid 1920s. By 1926, the NHL was the only surviving major league, and sole competitor for the Stanley Cup. The Great Depression and World War II led the league to contract to six teams by 1942, known today as the "Original Six".
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[edit] Founding of the National Hockey League
In the 1916–17 season, the National Hockey Association was facing numerous problems. The Quebec Bulldogs were in financial difficulty,[1] and the league's most popular team, the 228th Battalion had been called away to fight in World War I.[2] Several of the league's team owners were growing increasingly frustrated with Toronto Blueshirts owner Eddie Livingstone, whom they had been having problems with since 1915.[3] Prior to the start of the season, the owners of the Montreal teams—Sam Lichtenhein of the Wanderers and George Kennedy of the Canadiens—even threatened to drop the Blueshirts from the league over a player dispute Livingstone was having with the 228th Battalion.[4] Livingstone was also in a dispute with the Ottawa Senators over the rights to Cy Denneny,[5] while Kennedy and Livingstone had a mutual dislike that occasionally threatened to come to blows at league meetings.[6]
The remaining owners used the loss of the 228th Battalion on February 11, 1917 to eliminate the Blueshirts. While Livingstone argued for a revamped five-team schedule,[3] the Montreal teams led a motion to remove the Blueshirts as well, reducing the NHA to a four team league.[7] Livingstone was promised that his players would be returned to him after the season.[2] The dispersal of the Blueshirts players, organized by league secretary Frank Calder, was described by the Toronto Mail and Empire as a "raid of the Toronto players."[7] At the same meeting, the league adopted a motion commanding Livingstone sell the Blueshirts by June 1.[8] When Livingstone failed to sell his club, the remaining owners, realizing they were powerless to forcibly eject Livingstone, decided to suspend the NHA and form a new league: the National Hockey League.[9]
| "We didn't throw Eddie Livingstone out. Perish the thought. That would have been illegal and unfair. Also, it wouldn't have been sporting. We just resigned, and wished him a fine future with his National Association franchise."—Sam Lichtenhein, as told to sports journalist Elmer Ferguson[6] |
On November 26, following several meetings throughout the month, the National Hockey League was created at the Windsor Hotel in Montreal.[10] The new league was represented by Lichtenhein's Wanderers, Kennedy's Canadiens, Tommy Gorman on behalf of the Senators and Mike Quinn of the Bulldogs. A new team in Toronto, under the control of the Toronto Arena Company completed the five team league.[1] The NHL adopted the NHA's constitution, and named Calder its first president.[2] Quebec would retain membership in the NHL, but did not operate that season. Quebec's players were dispersed by draft among the other teams.
The NHL was intended to be only a temporary league, as the owners hoped to remove Livingstone from Toronto, then return to the NHA in 1918–19.[11] Livingstone had other ideas, filing lawsuits against the new league, the owners and players in an attempt to keep his team operating.[2] None the less, the NHL began play three weeks after it was created, with the first games held on December 19 in Ottawa and Montreal.[12]
[edit] Early years
The NHL's first superstar was "Phantom" Joe Malone. A two-time NHA scoring champion, Malone scored five goals for the Montreal Canadiens in a 7–4 victory over the Ottawa Senators on the NHL's opening night.[12] Malone would record a league-leading 44 goals in 20 games in 1917–18.[13] He again led the NHL in scoring in 1919–20, recording 39 goals in 24 games with the Quebec Bulldogs.[14] During that season, on January 20, 1920, Malone scored seven goals in one game against the Toronto St. Patricks. It is a record that still stands today.[15] One of the game's most gifted scorers in history, Malone was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950.[16]
The first goal in NHL history, however, was scored by Dave Ritchie of the Montreal Wanderers one minute into a 10–9 win over Toronto.[3] It would be the only victory the Wanderers would record in the NHL. On January 2, 1918, a fire destroyed the Montreal Arena, home to both the Wanderers and the Canadiens.[17] The Canadiens relocated to the 3,000 seat Jubilee Arena, however Lichtenhein chose to withdraw the Wanderers citing the lack of available players due to the war.[18] The NHL would continue on as a three team league until Quebec returned to the fold in 1919–20.[19]
In its first years, the NHL used a split season format. The first-half winning Canadiens fell to the second-half champion Toronto team in the 1918 playoffs for the O'Brien Trophy by a combined score of 10–7 in the two-game, total goals series.[20] The victory gave Toronto the right to face the Pacific Coast Hockey Association's champion, the Vancouver Millionaires, in the Stanley Cup final. Toronto defeated Seattle to become the first NHL team to win the Cup.[21]
The Canadiens won the NHL championship over the Senators in 1918–19, and traveled west to meet the PCHA's champion, the Seattle Metropolitans.[22] The series is best remembered for its cancellation with the series tied 2–2–1 due to the Spanish flu pandemic.[23] Several players from both teams became ill, prompting health officials in Seattle to cancel the sixth, and deciding, game.[22] Canadiens' defenceman Joe Hall perished as a result of the flu on April 5, 1919.[24]
Meanwhile, Toronto fell from defending champions to finishing in last place in both halves of the 1918–19 season. On February 20, 1919, Toronto informed the league that it was withdrawing from competition.[25] The NHL avoided being reduced to two teams for 1919–20 as the team was reorganized as the Toronto St. Patricks.[19] The Quebec Bulldogs also returned, increasing the league to four teams. The Bulldogs would last only one year in the NHL, and finish with a record of 4–20 before relocating to Hamilton, Ontario to become the Hamilton Tigers for the 1920–21 season.[26]
Beginning in 1921, the NHL faced competition from a third major league, the prairie based Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL). With three leagues competing for talent, hockey players were among the highest paid athletes in North America, commanding salaries equivalent to the top Major League Baseball players of the era.[27] The WCHL would only survive for six seasons, merging with the PCHA in 1924, but would challenge the NHL for the Stanley Cup four times. In the 1923 Stanley Cup Finals, the Senators defeated the Edmonton Eskimos after eliminating the PCHA's Vancouver Millionaires.[28] In 1924, the Canadiens defeated the PCHA's Millionaires and the WCHL's Calgary Tigers on the strength of two shutouts by Georges Vezina, and the strong offensive showing by rookie forward Howie Morenz.[29]
In 1924–25, The Hamilton Tigers finished first in the NHL after four consecutive fourth place finishes. While the Canadiens and St. Patricks prepared to play in a semi-final playoff round, the Tigers players, upset that the team had turned a sizable profit despite claiming financial difficulty went on strike to demand a $200 playoff bonus each.[30] Threatened with fines, suspension and a possible lawsuit by league president Frank Calder, the players—led by Billy Burch and Shorty Green—held firm.[31] Calder suspended the entire team, and declared Canadiens the NHL champions after they defeated Toronto in the semi-final.
The Canadiens faced the Victoria Cougars, then of the WCHL in the 1925 Stanley Cup Finals. The Cougars defeated Montreal three games to one in the best of five final. In doing so, they would become the last non-NHL team to win the Stanley Cup,[32] as the WCHL ceased operations one year later. The NHL purchased the assets and players from the WCHL for $300,000.[33] The Tigers, meanwhile, were sold to New York mobster Bill Dwyer for $75,000, and in 1925 became the New York Americans.[31]
[edit] 1920s expansion
The NHL grew to six teams in 1924, adding a second team in Montreal, the Maroons,[34] and the first American based team, the Boston Bruins.[35] The Bruins were purchased by Charles Adams, a grocery store financier who first developed an interest in hockey during the Stanley Cup playoffs. He paid $15,000 for the team.[35] The Maroons were created to replace the Wanderers, and to appeal to the English population of Montreal.[34] The first NHL game played in the United States was a 2–1 Bruins victory over the Maroons at the Boston Arena on December 1, 1924.[36]
The Montreal Forum, which had for decades been synonomous with the Canadiens, was built in 1924 to house the Maroons.[34] The Canadiens would not move into the Forum until two years later. The Forum would host its first Stanley Cup final in its second year, as the Maroons defeated the WCHL's Victoria Cougars in the 1926 Stanley Cup Finals, the last time a non-NHL team competed for the Cup.[37]
The Americans began play in 1925 along with the NHL's third American team, the Pittsburgh Pirates.[38] Three more teams were added for the 1926–27 season. Tex Rickard, operator of Madison Square Garden, had reluctantly allowed the Americans into his arena the year before. However, the Americans were so popular in New York that Rickard felt his arena could support a second team.[39] As a result, the New York Rangers were granted on May 15, 1926.[40] In November of that year, the league announced that the cities of Detroit, Michigan and Chicago, Illinois would get teams. Detroit purchased the assets of the Victoria Cougars, as the team became the Detroit Cougars. The Portland Rosebuds were sold to coffee tycoon Frederic McLaughlin and became the Chicago Black Hawks. The three new franchises brought the NHL to ten teams.
The Rangers reached the 1928 Stanley Cup Finals, in just their second season, against the Maroons.[41] During the second game of the series, Rangers goaltender Lorne Chabot was injured early in the game, leaving the Rangers without a goaltender.[42] With the Maroons unwilling to allow the Rangers to substitute a goaltender watching from the Montreal Forum stands, Rangers coach Lester Patrick was forced into goal himself.[41] A defenceman during his playing days, the 44 year old Patrick allowed only one goal on 19 shots as the Rangers won the game in overtime, 2–1.[41] The Rangers signed New York Americans goaltender Joe Hall the next day, and went on to capture the Stanley Cup in five games.[43]
The 1920s also saw numerous rule innovations as the sport evolved. The Ottawa Senators won three Stanley Cups in the early 1920s utilizing strong defence, and the goaltending of Clint Benedict, who recorded a record five shutouts in a 24 game season in 1921. [44] The Senators employed a strategy where they would keep both defencemen and a forward in their own zone at all times after they gained a lead. After the Senators third championship in 1924, Calder made it illegal for more than two players to be in their defensive zone if the puck was not.[44] Defence continued to dominate the game, however, as in 1928–29, the league averaged less than three goals per game, while Canadiens goaltender George Hainsworth set what remains a league record of 22 shutouts in 44 games.[45] As a result, the league allowed the use of the forward pass in all zones beginning in 1929.[46] The change saw offence rise to 6.9 goals per game over the first third of the season as players began to park themselves on their opponent's goal crease.[47] The league responded by introducing the offside rule early in the 1929–30 season, barring offensive players from entering their opponent's zone before the puck.[45]
[edit] "Smythe's Folly"
Throughout the NHL's first decade, Eddie Livingstone continued to press his claim to the Toronto franchise in court. On October 18, 1923, the Supreme Court of Ontario awarded Livingstone $100,000 in damages.[48] St. Patricks owner Charlie Querrie made numerous attempts at preventing Livingstone from collecting on his awards. In 1923, he transferred the ownership of his team to his wife, Ida, making her the first female owner in hockey history, and only the second in all of sports.[49] The $100,000 award was later reduced, causing Livingstone to appeal to the highest court in the British Empire: the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London, England.[50] The court denied Livingstone's claim[50]
Despite the reduced awards, the Querries found the pressures of meeting their obligations to Livingstone too great, and as a result, placed the St. Patricks up for sale in 1927.[51] On February 14, 1927, the St. Patricks were sold to a group represented by Conn Smythe for $160,000 despite a potentially greater offer from a Philadelphia based group.[52] Among the first moves Smythe made was to rename his team the Toronto Maple Leafs.[53]
When Smythe bought the Leafs, he promised that the team would win the Stanley Cup within five years.[54] To that end, Smythe wanted to bring in a star player to help his team. In 1930, with the Senators struggling financially due to the Great Depression, they put their top player King Clancy up for sale, asking $50,000.[55] Smythe's partners could only offer $25,000 for Ottawa's defensive star.[56] Looking to raise extra money, Smythe entered a thoroughbred racing horse he owned, Rare Jewel, in the Coronation Futurity Stakes at odds of 106–1.[57] Rare Jewel won the race, earning Smythe over $15,000, allowing him to afford Clancy for $35,000 and two players.[55] At the time, it was an unprecedented price to pay for one player.[58] It was also the only race Rare Jewel ever won.[57]
Smythe also envisioned building a new shrine for his team. In his words: "a place where people can go in evening clothes, if they want to come there for a party or dinner...a place that people can be proud to bring their wives or girldfriends to."[59] Purchasing a piece of land at the corner of Church and Carlton Streets from the Eaton's department store chain for $350,000, Smythe planned his new arena, Maple Leaf Gardens.[57] Skeptics argued that Smythe would never get the arena built, nor fill it, as the depression was in full swing. They referred to it as "Smythe's Folly".[60] To help fund the arena, the Leafs convinced construction workers to accept 20% of their wages in exchange for shares in the arena.[61] Just 4½ months after breaking ground, Maple Leaf Gardens was opened on November 12, 1931 with many of the sold-out crowd of over 13,000 wearing evening clothes in response to Smythe's goals in building the arena.[62] In 1932, five years after Smythe's promise, the Leafs won the Stanley Cup in three games over the Rangers.[63]
Maple Leaf Gardens also featured the famous "gondola", a specially constructed broadcast booth for Foster Hewitt.[57] Hewitt began broadcasting hockey games on his father's radio station, CFCA, in 1923—an assignment he initially did not want.[64] While other owners feared that broadcasting their games would cut into gate-reciepts, Smythe supported the broadcast of Leafs games.[61] By 1931, Hewitt had established himself as the voice of hockey in Canada with his famous catch-phrase: "he shoots, he scores!".[64] On January 1, 1933, Leafs' broadcasts began to be heard across Canada on 20 stations of the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (today the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation).[65] Hewitt's broadcasts quickly attracted audiences of over one million listeners.[63] The broadcasts would become the precursor to Hockey Night in Canada, a Saturday night tradition that continues today.[64]
On December 13, 1933, Bruins defenceman Eddie Shore, in a daze following what he thought was a check by Toronto's Ace Bailey charged the latter player from behind, flipping Bailey into the air, and landing on his head. The check was so vicious that Bailey was given the last rites before being transported to hospital in Boston.[66] While neurosurgeons were able to save Bailey's life, his career was over.[67] Shore would ultimately serve a 16-game suspension for the hit, though it was known that had Bailey died, Boston police intended to charge him with manslaughter.[68] Maple Leaf Gardens hosted the Ace Bailey All-Star Benefit on February 14, 1934.[67] The Maple Leafs defeated an all-star team from the rest of the league 7–3 while raising over $20,000 toward Bailey's recovery.[69] Prior to the game, the Leafs announced that no Toronto player would ever wear Bailey's #6 again. It was the first time in NHL history that a team retired a player's jersey number.[68] A second dramatic moment occurred before the game, as each player came out and shook Bailey's hand as they received their all-star jersies. The last player to do so was Eddie Shore.[67] The crowd, which had fallen silent as Shore approached, erupted into loud cheering as Bailey extended his hand towards Shore.[68] Elmer Ferguson described the moment as "the most completely dramatic event I ever saw in hockey."[67]
[edit] Great Depression
While Smythe was building Maple Leaf Gardens, several other teams were facing financial difficulty in the face of the Great Depression. At the end of the 1929–30 season, the Pittsburgh Pirates were $400,000 in debt and relocated to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to become the Philadelphia Quakers.[70] The Quakers lasted only one season before suspending operations in 1931 along with the Ottawa Senators. The Quakers never returned, but Ottawa resumed operations in 1932–33.[71] The Senators continued to struggle. Despite a promise by Calder in 1934 that the Senators would never leave "hockey's birthplace of Canada", the team was none-the-less transferred south to become the St. Louis Eagles.[66] The Eagles played only one year in St. Louis before asking permission to suspend operations. The league refused, bought out and dispersed the Eagles' players, and announced that the NHL would be an eight team league in 1935–36.[72]
At the same time, the league reduced its salary cap to $62,500 per team, and $7,000 per player. Several well paid star players were traded as teams attempted to fit in the cap.[73] The biggest name was Montreal's Howie Morenz, a three-time Hart Trophy winner, twice the league's leading scorer and the face of the Canadiens organization. Drawing only 2,000 fans per game in an arena that held 10,000, Canadiens owner Leo Dandurand sent his star to the Black Hawks.[74] The Montreal fans voiced their opinion of the deal by giving Morenz a standing ovation when he scored against the Canadiens on the last day of the 1935 season. Less than two seasons later, Morenz was traded back to Montreal after a brief time playing for the Rangers.[75]
Morenz's return to Montreal would be short lived, as on January 28, 1937, he broke his leg in four places after catching his skate on the ice while being checked by Chicago's Earl Seibert.[75] On March 8, Morenz died of a coronary embolism.[76] Morenz's teammate, Aurel Joliat, had a different explanation of Morenz's death: "Howie loved to play hockey more than anyone ever loved anything, and when he realized that he would never play again, he couldn't live with it. I think Howie died of a broken heart."[77] On the day of his funeral, 50,000 people filed past Morenz's casket at centre ice of the Montreal Forum to pay their last respects to the man the media called "the Babe Ruth of hockey".[76] A benefit game held in November 1937 raised $20,000 for Morenz's family as the NHL All-Stars defeated the Montreal Canadiens 6–5.[78] Morenz was one of the first players elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame when it was created in 1945.[79]
In the mid 1930s, Black Hawks owner and staunch American Patriot, Frederic McLaughlin, commanded his general manager to compile a team only of American players. At the time, Taffy Abel was the only American-born player regularly in the league.[80] The Black Hawks hired former Major League Baseball umpire Bill Stewart to be the first American coach in NHL history. They were led in goal by Minnesotan Mike Karakas, one of eight Americans on the 14-man roster.[81] The 1937–38 Black Hawks "All-American" team won only 14 of 48 games, finishing third in the American division. In the playoffs, however, the Hawks upset the Canadiens and the Americans to reach the Stanley Cup Final against the heavily favoured Maple Leafs.[82]
In the first game of the final, the Hawks were forced to use minor league goaltender Alfie Moore after Karakas suffered a broken toe. Moore led the Hawks to a 3–1 victory before being ruled ineligible to play the rest of the series by the NHL.[82] After losing game two, Karakas returned wearing a steel toed boot and led the Hawks to victories in games three and four, and the Stanley Cup. The 1938 Black Hawks remain the only team in NHL history to win the Stanley Cup despite a losing record.[81]
In financial difficulty, and unable to compete with the Canadiens for fan support in Montreal, the Maroons suspended operations prior to the 1938–39 season after being denied permission to relocate to St. Louis.[82] The Americans, also struggling in New York and under the control of the league, were turned over to Red Dutton in 1940 under the order to improve the club's finances.[83] By 1942, the NHL had lost 90 players to active duty during World War II. As a result, the Americans were suspended prior to the 1942–43 season.[84] Thus began what became known as the "Original Six" era of the National Hockey League.
[edit] Timeline
- See also: Timeline of the National Hockey League
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Notes
- Toronto Maple Leafs known as the St. Patricks 1919–1927
- Detroit Red Wings known as the Cougars 1926–1930 and Falcons 1930–1932
- New York Americans known as the Brooklyn Americans 1941–1942
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Diamond, Dan (1991), The Official National Hockey League 75th Anniversary Commemorative Book, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-6727-5
- Gillmor, Don (2001), Canada: A People's History, vol. two, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-3341-9, <http://history.cbc.ca/histicons/>
- Holzman, Morey & Nieforth, Joseph (2002), Deceptions and Doublecross: How the NHL Conquered Hockey, Dundurn Press, ISBN 1-55002-413-2
- MacFarlane, Brian (1990), 100 Years of Hockey, Summerhill Press, ISBN 0-929091-26-4
- McKinley, Michael (2006), Hockey: A People's History, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-5769-5, <http://www.cbc.ca/hockeyhistory/>
- Pincus, Arthur (2006), The Official Illustrated NHL History, Readers Digest, ISBN 0-88850-800-X
- Sandor, Steven (2005), The Battle of Alberta: A Century of Hockey's Greatest Rivalry, Heritage House, ISBN 1-894974-01-8
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ a b McKinley 2006, p. 77
- ^ a b c d McGourty, John (2007-11-26). NHL celebrates 90th anniversary today. National Hockey League. Retrieved on 2008-05-10.
- ^ a b c Pincus 2006, p. 20
- ^ Holzman 2002, p. 112
- ^ Holzman 2002, p. 113
- ^ a b Holzman 2002, p. 23
- ^ a b Holzman 2002, p. 121
- ^ Holzman 2002, p. 122
- ^ The National Hockey League. Edmonton Oilers Heritage. Edmonton Oilers Community Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-05-11.
- ^ Holzman 2002, p. 159
- ^ Holzman 2002, p. 193
- ^ a b Pincus 2006, p. 21
- ^ 1917–18 NHL league leaders. hockeydb.com. Retrieved on 2008-05-12.
- ^ 1917–18 NHL league leaders. hockeydb.com. Retrieved on 2008-05-12.
- ^ Weisenmiller, Mark. Hockey’s ‘Babe Ruth’ and His Seven-Goal Game. Center Ice Magazine. Retrieved on 2008-05-12.
- ^ The Legends – Joe Malone. legendsofhockey.net. Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
- ^ "To Rise from Ashes", Library and Archives Canada, Montreal Gazette, 1918-01-03. Retrieved on 2008-05-12.
- ^ McFarlane, Brian. Early Leagues and the Birth of the NHL. National Hockey League. Retrieved on 2008-05-12.
- ^ a b Pincus 2006, p. 24
- ^ Pincus 2006, p. 22
- ^ Holzman 2002, p. 197
- ^ a b Pincus 2006, p. 23
- ^ Stanley Cup winner – 1918–19. legendsofhockey.net. Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
- ^ The Legends – Joe Hall. legendsofhockey.net. Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
- ^ Holzman 2002, p. 206
- ^ Quebec Bulldogs. Sports ecyclopedia. Tank Productions. Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
- ^ Sandor 2005, p. 34
- ^ Early Teams – Edmonton Eskimos. Edmonton Oilers Heritage. Edmonton Oilers Community Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-05-16.
- ^ Sandor 2005, p. 33
- ^ Pincus 2006, p. 35
- ^ a b Fitzpatrick. Hockey History: The First NHL Strike. about.com. Retrieved on 2008-05-16.
- ^ Victoria Cougars – 1924–25 Stanley Cup. Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2008-05-21.
- ^ Sandor 2005, p. 35
- ^ a b c McKinley 2006, p. 102
- ^ a b The History of the Hub of Hockey. Boston Bruins Hockey Club. Retrieved on 2008-05-16.
- ^ Pincus 2006, p. 227
- ^ Montreal Maroons – 1925–26 Stanley Cup. Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2008-05-21.
- ^ Holzman 2002, p. 262
- ^ Pincus 2006, p. 33
- ^ New York Rangers Granted Franchise. National Hockey League. Retrieved on 2008-05-21.
- ^ a b c Pincus 2006, p. 30
- ^ Player profile – Lorne Chabot. legendsofhockey.net. Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2008-05-21.
- ^ New York Rangers – 1927–28 Stanley Cup. Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2008-05-21.
- ^ a b Pincus 2006, p. 25
- ^ a b Pincus 2006, p. 36
- ^ Eliot, Darren. Success of Olympic rules could lead to NHL changes. CNNSI. Retrieved on 2008-05-21.
- ^ Pincus 2006, p. 45
- ^ Holzman 2002, p. 225
- ^ Holzman 2002, p. 228
- ^ a b Holzman 2002, p. 229
- ^ Holzman 2002, p. 295
- ^ Holzman 2002, p. 299
- ^ Maple Leafs History – 1920s. Toronto Maple Leafs Hockey Club. Retrieved on 2008-05-21.
- ^ McKinley 2006, p. 111
- ^ a b Pincus 2006, p. 43
- ^ McKinley 2006, p. 112
- ^ a b c d McKinley 2006, p. 113
- ^ The Legends – King Clancy. legendsofhockey.net. Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2008-05-24.
- ^ Gillmor 2001, p. 158
- ^ Pincus 2006, p. 39
- ^ a b Gillmor 2001, p. 159
- ^ McKinley 2006, p. 115
- ^ a b Diamond 1991, p. 65
- ^ a b c Pincus 2006, p. 41
- ^ Hockey – The Early Years. Histor!ca. The Historica Foundation of Canada. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
- ^ a b McKinley 2006, p. 117
- ^ a b c d Pincus 2006, p. 47
- ^ a b c One on one with Ace Bailey. legendsofhockey.net. Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
- ^ Diamond 1991, p. 68
- ^ Pittsburgh Pirates. Sports ecylopedia. Tank Productions. Retrieved on 2008-06-07.
- ^ McKinley 2006, p. 116
- ^ MacFarlane 1990, p. 33
- ^ Diamond 1991, p. 69
- ^ McKinley 2006, p. 118
- ^ a b McKinley 2006, p. 119
- ^ a b Pincus 2006, p. 50
- ^ McKinley 2006, p. 120
- ^ Diamond 1991, p. 74
- ^ The Legends – Howie Morenz. legendsofhockey.net. Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2008-06-07.
- ^ Pincus 2006, p. 52
- ^ a b Pincus 2006, p. 53
- ^ a b c MacFarlane 1990, p. 37
- ^ Diamond 1991, p. 79
- ^ MacFarlane 1990, p. 43
