History of the Mass Rapid Transit
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The history of the Mass Rapid Transit system of Singapore commences with its planning in the 1960s, leading to its opening in 1987 with the launch of the 6 km section of the North South Line from Yio Chu Kang Station to Toa Payoh Station. It now has three lines in operation with a total combined route length of 109km and 64 stations. Another MRT line, the Circle Line, is also currently under construction. The Light Rail Transit which opened in 1999 acts as a feeder service to the MRT network.
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[edit] Construction of backbone network
[edit] Conceptualisation
The idea of constructing a rapid transit line in the country was initiated in 1967, when a four year State and City Planning study conducted by the Singapore government and the United Nations Development Programme. It was part of an urban renewal and development project which aimed to formulate a long-term comprehensive concept plan for guiding the country's future physical development. It was concluded that physical land constraints faced by the island nation, was not able to accommodate more roads to meet the rise in transportation demands. It was needed that the city state needed a rail transit system by 1992. [1]
[edit] Bus vs. rail debate
One of the early participants of the study was the late President Ong Teng Cheong. He was then a member of the Ministry of National Development's Planning Department, after returning from overseas studies that same year. He became a fervent supporter and advocate of a rail based system; being an architect and an urban planner placed him in good stead. When he became the then-Minister for Communications (now the Ministry of Transport), he had to convince the cabinet in a debate in early 1980, that the S$ 5 billion was needed for the system would be beneficial for the long-term development of Singapore. He argued that
- "this is going to be the most expensive single project to be undertaken in Singapore. The last thing that we want to do is to squander away our hard-earned reserves and leave behind enormous debt for our children and our grandchildren. Now since we are sure that this is not going to be the case, we'll proceed with the MRT, and the MRT will usher in a new phase in Singapore's development and bring about a better life for all of us."
Therefore, a provisional Mass Rapid Transit Authority was established in July 1980, after the debate. However, Mr Ong faced strong opposition from other members of the cabinet, by Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee, due especially to the heavy investments involved. A team of specialists from Harvard University, recommended that an all-bus system would be sufficient into the 1990s, and would cost 50% less than a rail-based system.
Later on, two independent American transport and urban planning specialist teams were then appointed by the government to conduct their own independent reviews as part of the Comprehensive Traffic Study in 1981. This debate was also brought to national television in September 1980, which was rare at that time. The study came to a conclusion that an all-bus system would be inadequate as it would have to compete for road space which would have been increasingly overcrowded by then. A solution would be solved by building a rail system. Mr Ong hence declared in triumph on 28 March 1982, that
- "the Government has now taken a firm decision to build the MRT. The MRT is much more than a transport investment, and must be viewed in its wider economic perspective. The boost it'll provide to long term investors' confidence, the multiplier effect and how MRT will lead to the enhancement of the intrinsic value of Singapore's real estate are spin-offs that cannot be ignored."
[edit] Construction begins
The permission to begin the construction of Singapore's then-largest public works project was given in May 1982. A ground-breaking ceremony commenced the construction on 22 October 1983 at Shan Road. The majority of the work was expected to be completed in 1992. This included 67 km of track to be constructed, with 42 stations, which 26 would be elevated, 1 at grade and 15 underground. The network was constructed in stages, with the North South Line given priority as the line passed through the Orchard Road corridor as well as the Central Area, both of which faced a high demand for public transport. Also, it was near the more densely populated housing estates such as Toa Payoh and Ang Mo Kio. The MRT Corporation, now SMRT Corporation, was established on 14 October 1983, taking over the roles and responsibilities of the former provisional Mass Rapid Transit Authority.
[edit] Initial opening
On 7 November 1987, the first 6 kilometres of the North South Line from Yio Chu Kang to Toa Payoh went into operation. The novelty resulted in thousands flocking to the 5 station segment of the line just to experience and try out the system. At the launching of Toa Payoh Station, Mr Ong was quoted as saying that
- "this is like a 20-year affair from conception to delivery. Now the baby is born, to say that I am happy and pleased is an understatement."
Nine more stations from Novena to Outram Park were officially opened 12 December 1987 by then Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong. These trains ran as a through service from one end to the other. Two stations on the system became interchange stations at City Hall and Raffles Place. Tanjong Pagar and Outram Park on the East West Line.
The system was officially launched on 12 March 1988 by Mr Lee Kuan Yew, the former Prime Minister of Singapore, coinciding with the opening of six more stations from Tiong Bahru to Clementi.
[edit] Nearing completion
The rest of the system opened rapidly in stages.
- 5 November 1988: Three stations on East West Line from Jurong East to Lakeside were opened.
- 20 December 1988: Two stations on North South Line from Khatib to Yishun were opened, completing the Northern section of the line.
- 4 November 1989: Marina Bay, the last station on the North South Line, was opened. Also opened were nine stations on the East West Line from Bugis to Tanah Merah. Hence forth, the system started to run as a two-line system, with the 2-level interchanges coming into full operation at City Hall and Raffles Place.
- 16 December 1989: Three stations on East West Line from Simei to Pasir Ris were opened, completing the Eastern section of the line.
- 10 March 1990: Three stations on a Branch Line starting from Jurong East to Choa Chu Kang were opened.
- On 6 July 1990, the last station on the East West Line, Boon Lay, was opened, which marked the completion of the system two years ahead of schedule.
[edit] Subsequent extensions
[edit] North South Line Woodlands Extension
Less than a year after the completion of the MRT project, the government announced in February 1991 their intentions to extend the system to Woodlands. Construction commenced in 1993, and the 16 km, 6 station elevated line was opened on 10 February 1996 at a total cost of S$$1.2 billion. With thus extension, the North South Line included the three stations on the former Choa Chu Kang Branch Line (Jurong East, Bukit Batok, Bukit Gombak and Choa Chu Kang), forming a continuous line from Jurong East to Marina Bay.
The construction of the extension was not without political fallout. For a long time, the politicians representing residences in the North-East area of the island had been calling for the construction of a planned North East Line. The announcement of the Woodlands Extension led to protests especially from opposition members of parliament, in particular from Chiam See Tong and Low Thia Khiang, representatives of Potong Pasir and Hougang constituencies respectively, with both areas potentially benefiting from such a line. The opposition members accused the government of favouring the Woodlands Extension over the North East Line due to opposition representation in the north-east area, arguing that there were far more residents in the north-east compared to the north, and questioned the rationale of building the Woodlands extension when the north was relatively undeveloped. Woodlands New Town was only half completed, and Sembawang New Town was still in the planning stage at that time.
More than a decade later, however, when the disputes with Malaysia over the railway land used by KTM escalated, it came to the fore that one of the criteria the Malaysian authorities had listed before they would consider shifting the existing railway station away from Tanjong Pagar was for the MRT system to be introduced to Woodlands. On 16 October 2003, in response to a question fielded in parliament, Professor S. Jayakumar, then Minister for Foreign Affairs, mentioned, that the Points of Agreement concluded between the two sides on 27 November 1990 included a clause stating that KTM will shift the station to a site adjacent or close to the Woodlands MRT Station within five years from the day the MRT to Woodlands is opened, something the KTM has not yet done.
Considering that the Points of Agreement was made in the year 1990, and followed quickly by an announcement to build the MRT line a year later in 1991, there is a possibility that the line was given priority over the North East Line due more to international and local political concerns than economic considerations alone.
[edit] Introduction of the Light Rail Transit
The concept of having rail lines which could bring people from door to door without requiring the use of road-clogging buses was much favoured by the government transport planners, especially with the increased emphasis on a rail-based public transport network. On 6 November 1999, the first LRT trains on the Bukit Panjang LRT Line went into operation.
The system, as well as the light rail concept, was not without its criticisms. With the system in Bukit Panjang experiencing lower-than-expected ridership in its earlier years, several feeder bus services to the estate were removed or amended to encourage ridership, much to the chagrin of many local residents. Popular opinion against the LRT system was high, with complaints that the new LRT system was more expensive compared to buses, less comprehensive in coverage, and less reliable. Indeed, the Bukit Panjang system experienced over 50 breakdowns following its opening, prompting the Land Transport Authority to fine its operator, SMRT Corporation.
Public confidence in the overall LRT system was so low, that when SBS Transit announced the commencement of operations of the system in Sengkang, much emphasis was made on the different rail system that has been adopted, as well as constant reassurances of reliability and safety. That this system was linked to the North East Line, the first fully automated and driverless heavy rail system in Singapore and the world, necessitated the increased attention paid to public-confidence.
[edit] Expo Station
The Expo Station opened on 10 January 2001, sporting a "space age" architecture designed by world renowned architect Sir Norman Foster. The roof is clad in titanium and its design enabled the platform to be free of any columns, freeing up space in a station which will be used by thousands of visitors to the massive 100,000 square metre Singapore Expo next door.
[edit] Dover Station
The Dover Station, built on the East West Line between the Clementi and the Buona Vista, was opened on October 18, 2001. The first station to be built over an operating rail line with no disruptions to train services (although trains drove by the site at a reduced speed during the construction phase), it was also the first elevated station with two side platforms on either side of the tracks, as opposed to having an island platform as in all other elevated stations.
Adjacent to the Singapore Polytechnic on one side, and undeveloped land on the other, the building of the station was met with reservations by some members of the public over its low catchment area. There were criticisms over the spending of "taxpayers' money" chiefly for use only by students of one educational institution. The government proceeded with the construction anyway, citing the catchment area extends to public housing flats on either end of the polytechnic, and that the undeveloped land opposite is slated for extensive development, largely residential in nature. This station has indeed brought much convenience to the students at the polytechnic.
[edit] Changi Airport Station
For a long time following its opening in 1981, Singapore Changi Airport relied on taxis and buses as the primary means of public transportation to the rest of the country. They served the airport well, but concerns over competition from other regional airports, some of which feature quick rail-based services to their city centres, such as the one from Kuala Lumpur International Airport, accelerated the government's plan to build a rail link to the airport.
Provision had long been made for a new line branching off from the existing East West MRT Line at the Tanah Merah MRT Station, with some conceptual plans showing a tentative route alignment to the airport along Airport Boulevard, continuing beyond the airport to Changi point, before turning southwest back toward the city along the east coast of the island. When the extension to the airport was finally announced, however, the route alignment showed a deviation from previous plans.
The final plan involved building only the first two stations, namely Expo, an elevated station directly adjacent to the Singapore Expo, and Changi Airport, an underground station built between Terminal Two and the since constructed Terminal Three. The alignment of the station at the airport was switched perpendicularly to an East-west direction, such that stairs and escalators lead to two of the terminals directly from either end of the station.
Changi Airport Station was opened on 8 February 2002, giving the airport its first rail link in 21 years. Initially operated as a shuttle service, through services from Boon Lay were commenced after the full opening, but due to ridership falling below expectations the service was reverted to shuttle mode in 2004.
[edit] North East Line
The North East Line, the first line operated by SBS Transit and among the first fully-automated heavy rail lines in the world, opened on June 20, 2003. System problems delayed the line six months from the scheduled opening date of December 2002. The construction period of the North East line was fraught with many delays and some budget problems. It marked the pinnacle of a long and chequered history of over two decades since the conception of the line had taken place along with that of the original system which was eventually completed in 1990. As of May 2005, the line was still running at a deficit, and the line operator, SBS Transit, turns an overall profit because the profits from its public bus service exceed the losses from operation of the North East line. Running from HarbourFront where Singapore's former World Trade Centre building lies to Punggol to the northeast of the island, this line allowed for previously isolated or distanced areas to be linked up with the rest of Singapore by rail. The trains on the North East line are driverless and fully automated.
[edit] Evolution Of The Integrated System Map
[edit] 1987 - 1996
The MRT was a very recent addition for Singapore and as such, the authorities wanted to keep the MRT map as easy to use for Singaporeans as possible. Hence, each direction of travel was colour coded in a different colour as though it were a line on its own. In that way, confusion in decision-making when taking a certain line in a certain direction would be reduced for passengers. However, this reduced the amount of colours available for new lines and was not in line with international practice.
Previously, each direction of travel on the MRT was denoted on system maps as a different colour.
- Northbound services were denoted in yellow
- Southbound services in red
- Eastbound services in green
- Westbound services in blue
- Northbound Choa Chu Kang Branch Line services in orange
- Southbound Choa Chu Kang Branch Line services in brown
Each station was also assigned a unique alphanumeric code, with the alphabet indicating which part of the island the station lies at (North, East, West, Central, Marina Bay region or Choa Chu Kang Branch Line) & the numbers (in ascending order from the centre of the island) indicating which part of that region the station is located at.
- Stations from Bugis to Pasir Ris denoted by codes E1 to E12
- Stations from Tanjong Pagar to Boon Lay denoted by codes W1 to W12
- City Hall Station, Raffles Place Station & Marina Bay Station denoted as C2, C1 & M1 respectively
- Stations from Dhoby Ghaut to Yishun denoted by codes N1 to N12
- Stations from Bukit Batok to Choa Chu Kang denoted by codes B1 to B3
[edit] 1996 - 2001
The colour and alphanumeric codes for each direction of travel remained unchanged, except that with the opening of the Woodlands Extension (connecting Yishun station to Choa Chu Kang station), the Jurong East - Choa Chu Kang Branch Line ceased to exist. As such, the formerly Northbound Choa Chu Kang Branch Line services in orange travelled southbound to Marina Bay & as such were denoted as red while the formerly Southbound Choa Chu Kang Branch Line services in brown originated from Marina Bay, hence having travelled northbound it was denoted as yellow. The alphanumeric codes for these stations were also replaced. Expo station which opened in 2001, was denoted by the code E13 for a short while.
The Bukit Panjang LRT opened in 1999 and was given the colours purple and orange to represent its direction of travel. Due to the alignment of the route, which was a loop track around Bukit Panjang New Town, the map was different. The stations were given the alphanumeric code A1 to A14, with numbering starting from Choa Chu Kang interchange and going anti-clockwise direction on the loop. The directional arrow on the shared service track (between stations A1 to A6) was split, half purple coloured and half orange coloured. From Bukit Panjang station, the orange arrows travelled in an anti-clockwise direction (service B) while the purple arrows travelled in a clockwise direction (service A).
[edit] From 31 July 2001
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Because of an expanding rail network, the MRT System Map could no longer afford to have each direction of travel represented by a different colour. Eventually, the map would run out of colours to use to represent each direction of travel. This was the main reason behind the revamp. Using the acclaimed London Underground Map as a reference, the MRT System Map was revamped.
Colours were used to represent each line rather than each direction of travel, cutting the usage of colours by half and preserving other colours for future lines.
- Red for North South Line
- Green for East West Line
- Purple for North East Line
- Orange for the future Circle Line
- Brown for the future Downtown Line
- Grey for all LRT lines
The direction of travel was instead represented by numbers contained within a coloured circle located at the ends of each line, known as the destination number.
- The number 1 contained within a green circle represent East West Line services travelling towards Pasir Ris Station.
- 2 on green for East West Line services towards Boon Lay
- 3 on green for East West Line Shuttle services towards Changi Airport
- 4 on red for North South Line services towards Jurong East
- 5 on red for North South Line services towards Marina Bay
- 6 on purple for North East Line services towards HarbourFront
- 7 on purple for North East Line services towards Punggol
- 8 on orange for Circle Line services towards Dhoby Ghaut
- 9 on orange for Circle Line services towards HarbourFront
- 10 on brown for Downtown Line services towards Chinatown
- 11 on brown for Downtown Line services towards Bugis
Services towards Tanah Merah are not given a number. This is because when this system map was implemented, it was planned for through services to Changi Airport from Boon Lay and vice versa. Though shuttle services replaced it in 2004 due to low ridership of this service, it was decided that this system was preserved.
Like before, each station was assigned a unique alphanumeric symbol. However under this revamped system map, the letter in each symbol denotes the line (rather than the region of Singapore the station was in) and the number increases in ascending order from East to West (East West Line), North to South (North South Line), towards the North East (North East Line) & in an anti clockwise direction (Circle Line & Downtown Line). Interchange stations will then have at least two codes. For example, City Hall will have two codes, EW13 for the East West Line section and NS25 for the North South Line section.
[edit] References
[edit] Citations
- ^ Tien Fang Fwa (4 September 2004). "SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT — Issues and Challenges for Singapore". . University of Tokyo Retrieved on 2006-05-01.
[edit] External links
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