History of the Jews in Slovenia
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The small Jewish community of Slovenia (Slovene: Judovska skupnost Slovenije) is estimated at 400 to 600 members[citation needed], with most living in the capital, Ljubljana. The Jewish community was devastated by the Shoah, and has never fully recovered. Until 2003, Ljubljana was the only European capital city without a Jewish place of worship[1].
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[edit] History of the community
[edit] Ancient community
The Jewish community of Slovenia pre-dates the 6th century Slavic migration to the Slovene Lands[2],[3]. The first Jews arrived in Slovenia in Roman times, with archaeological evidence of Jews found in Maribor and Škocjan. In Škocjan, an engraved menorah dating from the 5th century AD was found in a graveyard.[4]
In the 12th century, Jews arrived in the Slovene Lands fleeing poverty in Italy and central Europe. Even though they were forced to live in ghettos, many Jews prospered. Relations between Jews and Slovenes were generally peaceful. In Maribor, Jews were successful bankers, winegrowers and millers. Several "Jewish Courts" (judovsko sodišče) existed in Styria, though not in Carniola or Carinthia, settling disputes between Jews and Christians. Israel Isserlein, who authored several essays on medieval Jewish life in Slovenia, was the most important rabbi at the time, having lived in Maribor.[5] In 1397, Jewish ghettos in Radgona and Ptuj were set ablaze by a secret society called Ungenannte Judenhauer.[6](The name, translated from German, means "Anonymous Jew-beaters")
The first synagogue in Ljubljana is mentioned in 1213. Issued with a Privilegium, Jews were able to settle an area of Ljubljana located on the left bank of the Ljubljanica River. The streets Židovska ulica and Židovska steza, which now occupy the area, are still reminiscent of that period. The wealth of the Jews bred resentment among the rulers and nobility of the Slovenian Lands, with many refusing to repay Jewish money-lenders. Individual regions began expelling their Jews already in the 16th century, with the last Jews expelled by 1718.[7]
[edit] The modern era
In 1709 Charles VI, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (and ruler of the Slovenian Lands), issued a decree allowing Jews to return to the Slovenian Lands. Nevertheless, Jews in that time settled almost exlusively in the commercial city of Trieste and, to a much smaller extent, in the town of Gorica, which are now both part of Italy. The decree was overturned in 1817 by Francis I, and Jews were granted full civil and political right only with the Austro-Hungarian constitution of 1867. Nevertheless, the Slovenian Lands remained virtually without a consistent Jewish population, with the exception of Gorizia, Trieste, the region of Prekmurje and some smaller towns in the western part of the County of Gorizia and Gradisca (Gradisca, Cervignano), which were inhabited mostly by a Friulian-speaking population. According to the census of 1910, only 146 Jews lived in the territory of modern Slovenia, excluding the Prekmurje region.[8]
Rampant anti-Semitism was among the causes why few Jews decided to settle in the area, maintaining the overall Jewish population at a very low level. In the 1920s, After the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia), the local Jewish community merged with the Jewish community of Zagreb, Croatia.[9]
According to the 1931 census, there were about 900 Jews in the Drava Banovina, mostly concentrated in Prekmurje, which used to be part of the Kingdom of Hungary until 1919. This was the reason why in the mid 1930s Murska Sobota became the seat of the Jewish Community of Slovenia. During that period, the Jewish population was reinvigorated by many immigrants fleeing from neighouring Austria and Nazi Germany to a more tolerant Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Nevertheless, the anti-Jewish legislation, adopted by Milan Stojadinović's pro-German regime and the anti-semitic discourse of Anton Korošec's Slovenian People's Party, made Slovenia a less desirable destination.
The number of Jews prior to the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 is estimated to around 2,500.
[edit] The Holocaust
The Jewish community, very small even before World War II and the Shoah, was further reduced by the Nazis occupation between 1941 and 1945.
[edit] Post-war community
Under Communism in Yugoslavia, the Jewish community in Socialist Slovenia numbered fewer than 100 members. In 1953, the synagogue of Murska Sobota, the only remaining after the Shoah, was demolished by the local Communist authorities. Many Jews were expelled from Yugoslavia as "Germans" and most of Jewish property was confiscated. The Judovska Občina v Ljubljani (Jewish Community of Ljubljana) was officially reformed following World War II; its first president was Artur Kon, followed by Mladen Aleksander Švarc in 1957. In 1969, it numbered only 84 members and its membership was declining due to emigration and age. Berta Bojetu, Miriam Steiner (Vojak z zlatimi gumbi) and Zlate Medic-Vokač (Marpurgi) were Jewish authors who wrote in Slovene.[10]
[edit] Today
The Jewish community today is estimated at 400-600 members[11], although there are only 130 members of the Jewish Community of Slovenia. The community is mixed Ashkenazi and Sephardi descent. In 1999, the first ever Chief Rabbi for Slovenia was appointed after 1941. The present chief rabbi for Slovenia, Ariel Haddad, resides in Trieste and is a member of the Lubavitcher Hassidic school.[12] The current president of the Jewish Community of Slovenia is Andrej Kožar Beck.
[edit] Famous Jews from Slovenia
- Mišo Alkalaj, Computer scientist, writer and journalist
- Berta Bojetu, Writer and poet
- Israel Isserlin, Medieval rabbi from Maribor
- Klemen Jeninčič Boeta, Anthropologist, philologist, translator
- Aleksandra Kornhauser, Chemist
- Pavle Kornhauser, Pediatrician
- Lev Kreft, Philosopher and politician
- Paul Parin, Psychoanalist
- Mladen Aleksander Švarc, Journalist and political activist
[edit] Notes and references
- ^ Jewish Virtual Library - Slovenia
- ^ Jews of Yugoslavia 1941-1945 Victims of Genocide and Freedom Fighters, Jasa Romano
- ^ Slovenia
- ^ Excerpts from Jews in Yugoslavia - Part I
- ^ V. Travner, Mariborski ghetto, Kronika 2, 1935, pp. 154-150.
- ^ Enciklopedija Slovenije, 4. Zvezek, 1990, p. 315.
- ^ Jewish Virtual Library - Slovenia
- ^ Jewish Virtual Library - Slovenia
- ^ Jewish Virtual Library - Slovenia
- ^ Enciklopedija Slovenije
- ^ Jewish Community of Slovenia - Demographic Overview
- ^ The Jewish Community of Slovenia
- Jewish Virtual Library - Slovenia, Stephanie Persin
- Jewish Monuments in Slovenia
- Excerpts from Jews in Yugoslavia - Part I
- Demographic Overview, Jewish Community of Slovenia
[edit] External links
- (English) (Slovene) Jewish Community of Slovenia
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