History of rail transport in the Netherlands
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- This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series
The history of rail transport in the Netherlands is generally considered to have begun on September 20, 1839 when the first train, drawn by De Arend successfully made the 16 km trip from Amsterdam to Haarlem. However, the first plan for a railroad in the Netherlands was launched only shortly after the first railroad opened in Britain.
When discussing the history of rail transport in the Netherlands, we can roughly distinguish 6 eras, namely; the period up to 1839, when the first plans were made for a railroad, the period 1840-1860, when the railroads experienced their early expansion, the period 1860-1890, when the government started to order the construction of new lines, the period 1890-1938, when the railroads were consolidated into two large railroads, the period 1938-1992, when the Nederlandse Spoorwegen was granted a monopoly on rail transport and finally the period from 1992 to the present, when the Nederlandse Spoorwegen lost its monopoly.
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[edit] The first line 1839
[edit] A false start
An ambitious army officer, W.A. Bake launched the first plan to build a railroad in the Netherlands shortly after Britain's first railroad opened. He planned to build a railway connecting Amsterdam to Keulen (Germany), passing through Arnhem. However, unlike most European countries, the Netherlands already had an effective manner of transporting goods and passengers between cities, the horse-drawn boat. The Netherlands had historically been a trading nation, partly due to the many rivers and canals running trough the country which allowed for effective transport. Many people thus questioned the need for a railroad. [1] Moreover, the existing shipping industry formed a powerful lobby against the railroad, which managed to sway public opinion. [2] The result was that when Bake tried to raise funds for the railroad, he failed completely. [3] He was never to return to his plans.
[edit] Royal intervention
An employee of Bake, W.C. Brade, continued his plans, although he changed the route to run from Amsterdam to Rotterdam. With the original stretch running to Haarlem to test its economic viability. This change in route may have been partly influenced by wealthy investors who were eager for a direct train connection between either of the great Dutch ports (Amsterdam and Rotterdam) and the German hinterland.[4] Brade managed to find an unlikely ally for his plans, King William I. [5] William was reluctant to have the Netherlands at a competitive disadvantage to the neighbouring countries who were all building railroads. He might also have felt threatened by the plans for the Iron Rhine.[6] Either way, William gave his personal blessing to the project, and promised government funding. [7]
[edit] Building the line
With the blessing of the king, construction of the railroad could commence. However, there was one major obstacle, a lack of qualified railroad construction engineers. The experts had to be imported from other countries, mainly England. Even with this expertise, a few odd decisions were made; citing safety concerns, it was decided that the rail would be built on broad gauge, while the neighbouring countries all used standard gauge. This made the railroad incompatible with those of neighbouring countries, whereas the system was originally intended to link up with them (the railroads would later be converted to standard gauge to remedy this). It also delayed delivery of the locomotives.
[edit] Opening of the line
When the line was finally completed, and the locomotives delivered, the line could be opened. On September 20 a train pulled by the locomotives De Arend (and De Snelheid as a backup) left Amsterdam, arriving in a (then) recordbreaking 30 minutes later in Haarlem. Commercial transport started four days later.
[edit] Early expansion 1840-1860
After the first stretch of railroad proved to be successful, the railroads started to expand slowly. The bulk of the railroads were constructed by either the Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij (HSM, who also build the first line), or the Nederlandse Rhijnspoorweg-Maatschappij (NSR), and a few other minor railroads.
[edit] Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij
After the first stretch between Amsterdam and Haarlem proved viable, the company decided to complete to line to Rotterdam. Some people, especially the wealthy landowners, weren't too fond of the railroad crossing their land, while other people were interested in the economic potential of the railroad. This let to a rather famous incident when Aernout Hendrik van Wickevoort Crommelin, the owner of a small parcel directly in the path of the railroad, only wanted to sell his land in exchange for a stop on a place favorable to him. The HSM first tried to use legal means to get hold of the land, but when that took to long, they simply build the railroad with a sharp curve around the parcel. Van Wickevoort, seeing that his plan had failed, then donated the land to the railroad. This small change in the route had only been operational for 5 days, but cost the railroad more than they would have spend fulfilling Van Wickevoorts' demands. [8] this incident is referred to as 'Het laantje van Van der Gaag'.
Without further major incidents, the railroad was completed in 1847 when it reached Rotterdam.
[edit] Nederlandsche Rhijnspoorweg-Maatschappij
The only other major railroad which was founded in this period was the Nederlandse Rhijnspoorweg-Maatschappij (NRS). The first line the NSR wanted to build ran from Amsterdam to Utrecht to Arnhem and then on to Germany. They however only launched their plan shortly after the HSM had started constructing their first line, and could only find few investors (mainly German [9]). King William once again proved to be the saviour of the railroads, when he personally vouched for the interest payments on the financing of the railroad. [10] The railroad, with funding secured, could then proceed to construct the line. Like the HSM, the NRS made the odd decision to build the railway on broad gauge, while the connection in Germany was on standard gauge. The first stretch connecting Amsterdam to Utrecht opened on December 18, 1843, and the stretch to Arnhem was opened on May 16, 1845. The final stretch, the connection with Germany, was only completed 11 years later, in 1856, possibly because the railroad first had to convert to standard gauge. The NSR also undertook the construction of a railroad from Rotterdam to Utrecht, connecting Rotterdam to Germany.
A few other minor railroads also started operation in this period, such as the Aken-Maastricht Spoorweg Maatschappij (who build a railroad from Maastricht to Aken) and the Belgian Grand Central Belge who build a few lines in the border region. However, by 1860, only 325 km of railroad had been constructed, [11] But the real boom in railroad construction, was about to start.
[edit] Construction boom 1860-1890
Like in most countries, the government chose to leave the construction and operation of the railroads to private companies. This led to a concentration of the railroads in the densly populated Holland and Utrecht provinces and to a lesser extend Gelderland (which lies on the path from Holland to Germany). Citizens from various cities not served by the railroads feared that their respective city would be put at a disadvantage compared to cities which were connected to the network. They then started lobbying the government to connect the cities to the network.[12] Others founded their own railroads.
[edit] Government Intervention
In 1860 the spoorwegwet was approved in which the government stated its intention to build a large rail network. Previously, the government had subsidies certain lines, but never done anything of this scale. The network was designed for efficieny, which ment that as many cities as possible had to be connected with the least amount of track.[13] Another aspect of this efficiency was that, save for a few major stations, all station along the line were build to a standardised design based on the expected volume of travellers.
The map on the right shows the lines constructed by the government in gold.
[edit] Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Staatsspoorwegen
To service the new lines build by the government, a new (private) company was founded; the Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Staatsspoorwegen, which fittingly translated as Company for the Exploitation of the Staterailroads. Despite its name, however, this company was not founded by the state, but by a group of private investors who received the concession for the lines built by the state.
[edit] Private construction
While the government took on the job to build the majority of the railroads, the private railroad companies continued to build their own lines. For example, the HSM built a line connecting Amsterdam to Germany to compete with the NRS on freight and passengers bound for Germany. While the NRS built a highly anticipated, but financially a failure, railroad between Leiden and Woerden
New railroads were also founded. The Noord-Brabantsch-Duitsche Spoorweg-Maatschappij (NBDS) was founded to fill the gap in the line between Saint Petersburg, Berlin and London.
[edit] Consolidation 1890-1938
In the early 1900s, the Noord Friesche Locaalspoorweg-Maatschappij built two lines in the north of Friesland. The line from Leeuwarden to Ferwerd opened in 1901, being extended to Metslauwier later that year. A line branched off at Stiens, reaching Harlingen by 1904, with a branch to Franeker and another goods only branch to Berlikum. A final extension on the original line reached Anjum in 1913.
[edit] Nederlandse Spoorwegen 1938-1992
See the article about the Nederlandse Spoorwegen until this section is completed
[edit] See also
[edit] References
(All references are Dutch)
- ^ Periode 1839 - 1860
- ^ geschiedenis.nl - 1839
- ^ geschiedenis.nl - 1839
- ^ De geschiedenis van de spoorwegen in Rotterdam
- ^ geschiedenis.nl - 1839
- ^ Rijckevorsel, Abram van Rijckevorsel, de 19e eeuwse Voorzitter van de Kamer van Koophandel van Rotterdam
- ^ http://www.ontdekns.nl/factsheets/VO%20Geschiedenis.pdf
- ^ http://www.spoorzoeker.nu/lvvdg/lvvdg.htm
- ^ Rijckevorsel, Abram van Rijckevorsel, de 19e eeuwse Voorzitter van de Kamer van Koophandel van Rotterdam
- ^ http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoorwegen
- ^ http://www.ontdekns.nl/factsheets/VO%20Geschiedenis.pdf
- ^ Periode 1860 - 1880
- ^ Periode 1860 - 1880
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