History of hang gliding

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hang gliding is an air sport in which a pilot flies a light foot-launchable glider aircraft known as a hang glider. Most hang gliders are made of an aluminium or composite framed fabric wing. The pilot is mounted on a harness hanging from the airframe, and exercises control by shifting his body weight while bracing gently to a control frame.

Contents 1 Overview 2 Early history 2.1 Wasserkuppe 3 Invention of the flexible wing 4 Flexible wing hang gliders 5 Rigid wing hang gliders 6 Popularity 7 Timeline 7.1 Production era 8 See also 9 References 10 Print 11 External links 11.1 Web and news 11.2 Video

[edit] Overview

The history of hang gliding dates back to as early as 875 AD with Abbas Ibn Firnas' activities.^[1] Early glider designs did not achieve safe flight; the reason was that early aircraft builders did not understand the underlying principles that made a wing work. The first recorded controlled flights were by German engineer Otto Lilienthal who published all of his research in 1889, strongly influencing later designers. His type of aircraft is now known as a hang glider. Further hang glider research was done during the 1920s in Europe and the U.S.A, where designers tested several wing concepts and the 'pendulum weight-shift control system'.

In 1957 the American space agency NASA began testing various formats of a new airfoil called Rogallo wing in order to use it as a recovery system for the Gemini space capsules. The wing's simplicity of design, ease of construction, along with its capability of slow flight and gentle landing characteristics, did not go unnoticed by hang glider enthusiasts. Some hobbyists soon adapted Rogallo's flexible wing airfoil onto elementary gliders, producing the most successful, simple and popular hang glider configuration in history.

[edit] Early history

The sleek high performance jets, sailplanes and hang gliders of today have a heritage that dates back to man’s first attempts at flight. With no understanding of aerodynamics, few adequate materials and no available engines, aviation enthusiasts had to be content with using crude gliders that used the force of gravity and a slope to become airborne. These flights were short and often ended in crashes but, it was flying nonetheless. Arab and American historians have found at least two accounts indicating attempts at flight by a Moorish chemist, polymath and inventor named Abbas Ibn Firnas near Cordoba, Spain in the 9th century. (Ibn Firnas crater on the Moon is named in his honor.) His first attempt was a successful parachute fall made in 852 AD using a huge wing-like cloak to break his fall. His second attempt was in 875 AD, when he made the first attempt at controlled flight and flew on a rudimentary wing-like glider, but his landing was unsuccessful.^[2][3] It is possible that word of Ibn Firnas' wing-like parachute reached England to a monk called Eilmer of Malmesbury,^[4] who studied mathematics and astrology. A fellow monk and historian, William of Malmesbury, reported years later that Eilmer flew off the roof of an Abbey in Malmesbury, England sometime between 1000 and 1010 AD, gliding about 200 metres (220 yd) and crashed breaking a leg.

According to a story recorded by Evliyâ Çelebi, in 1638 AD, Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi took flight from the 62.59 metres (205.3 ft) tall Galata Tower in Istanbul and landed on the opposite side of the Bosphorus in Doğancılar Square- about 3,380 metres (11,100 ft) away.^[5]

The Kraków Museum of Ethnography in Poland claims that in 1866, painter and carpenter Jan Wnęk completed construction of an ash wood glider frame which he covered with linen impregnated with varnish and that Wnęk was firmly strapped to the glider by the chest and hips. It is claimed but not verified, that Jan Wnęk made several public flights from the local church tower during 1866-1869.^[6]

Starting in the 1880s advancements were made in aerodynamics and construction that led to the first truly practical gliders; this information was often shared and published by early aviators and inventors, building a long series of incremental achievements. Through the 1880’s several aviation pioneers emerged in different countries around the world all perusing glider designs with varying degrees of success. Chief among these were Otto Lilienthal in Berlin, Germany, Lawrence Hargrave in Sydney, Australia, Percy Pilcher in the United Kingdom, John J. Montgomery at Wheeler Hill near San Diego, Octave Chanute and his team in Gary, Indiana in the U.S.A., just to name a few.

Otto Lilienthal duplicated some of his contemporaries' work and greatly expanded on it from 1874, publishing all of his research in 1889.^[7] He also produced a series of gliders, and in 1891 was able to make flights of 25 metres (82 ft) or more routinely, as well as some soaring flights. He rigorously documented his work, influencing later designers; tor this reason he is one of the best known and influential of the early aviation pioneers. His type of aircraft is now known as a hang glider. By 1896 he had made about 2000 flights on a number of his designs when he crashed from a height of roughly 17 metres (56 ft) fracturing his spine. Percy Pilcher took a growing interest in aviation and built a glider called The Bat which he flew for the first time in 1895. Later that year Pilcher met and consulted with Otto Lilienthal, who was the leading expert in gliding; these discussions led to Pilcher building two more hang gliders, The Beetle and The Gull.^[8] Based on the work of his mentor Otto Lilienthal, in 1897 Pilcher built a third hang glider called The Hawk with which he broke the world distance record when he flew 250 metres (820 ft).^[9]

[edit] Wasserkuppe

The hang glider lost some importance through the introduction of wing warping in 1902 by the Wright brothers and subsequently of aileron control by the French, and when the World War I ended in 1918, the Treaty of Versailles practically ended engine driven flights in Germany. Thus, in the 1920s and 1930s, while aviators and aircraft makers in the rest of the world were working to improve the performance of powered aircraft, the Germans were designing, developing and flying ever more efficient gliders and discovering ways of using the natural forces in the atmosphere to make them fly farther and faster. These activities in Wasserkuppe promoted a renaissance of gliding aviation. Many of these gliders flown in 1920 were hang gliders in that they were controlled by the pilot's weight shift alone.^[10][11] The first Wasserkuppe glider competition was held in 1920. Over the next decade, the contest grew in popularity. As many as 70 glider clubs from Europe sent their best gliders and pilots to compete for duration, altitude and distance prizes, the most coveted prize was that donated by President von Hindenburg. As many as 60,000 spectators dotted the mountain slopes to watch these events.^[12] Virtually every European aeronautical engineer of the time tested and modified their aircraft there and reports were generated.^[13] Some competing hang glider designers were Alfried Gymnich,^[14] Gottlob Espenlaub,^[15] Alexander Lippisch,^[16] Heinz Schneider,^[17] Francis Chardon,^[18] Willi Pelzner,^[19] Hans Richter ^[20] and Segelflieger Peltzner,^[21] while engineer Henri Mignet was busy in France^[22] and Czesław Tański was busy in Turkey.^[23]

[edit] Invention of the flexible wing

On 1948, aeronautical engineer Francis Rogallo invented a self-inflating wing which he patented on March 20, 1951^[24][25][26] as the Flexible Wing,^[27] also known as the flexwing and Rogallo wing. Francis Rogallo had first proposed his flexible wing concept to the Langley Research Center in the late 1940s as a simple, inexpensive approach to recreational flying, but the idea was not accepted as a project.^[28]

It was on October 4, 1957 when the Russian satellite Sputnik became a concern to the United States and marked the beginning of the 'space race' and the creation of NASA. Rogallo was in position to seize the opportunity and with his help at the wing tunnels, NASA began a series of experiments testing Rogallo's flexible wing, which got renamed Parawing, in order to evaluate it as a recovery system for the project Gemini space capsules.^[29] Rogallo designed his flexible wing to allow the astronauts to deploy it like a parachute at subsonic speeds during reentry, then glide their capsule to a specified touchdown point.^[30] F. Rogallo's team collaborated with at least two American aircraft companies, Ryan Aeronautical Company and North American Aviation, as there was potential for gliders, dirigible parachutes, and other new types of manned aircraft; this mainly involved stabilizing the leading edges with compressed air beams or rigid structures like aluminium tubes. By 1961 NASA had already made test flights of an experimental STOL 'aerial utility aircraft' called Ryan XV-8 (the Flying Jeep or Fleep)^[31][32] and by March 1962, of a weight-shift glider called Paresev.

Round parachutes were selected over the Rogallo wing to be used on the Gemini spacecraft and on 1965, funding on flexible wings stopped.

[edit] Flexible wing hang gliders

The simplicity of the Rogallo wing, ease of construction, capability of slow flight and its gentle landing characteristics did not go unnoticed by some hang glider and ultralight glider enthusiasts. The publicity^[33] on the Fleep and the Paresev tests sparked interest in independent builders like Barry Palmer^[34] and John Dickenson, who separately explored distinct airframes and control systems to be adapted to a flexible wing and be flown as a hang glider.

On August 1961, American engineer Barry Palmer developed and flew the first foot-launched Rogallo wing hang glider.^[35] This took place near Latrobe, east of Sacramento, California. Palmer used aluminium tubing and no wires for construction, fearing kinking during assembly. Most flights were performed with just a set of inclined parallel bars that split his weight between his underarms and hands and he demonstrated that the Rogallo wing, when used as a hang glider, could also be controlled by weight-shift alone. The last of Palmer's foot-launched hang gliders flew in the summer of 1962 and it had a ski-lift type of seat mounted to the keel with a universal joint for pendulum weight-shift control; a single control stick was projected down from the wing. During the period from 1961 to 1963 Barry Palmer made tens of flights using this concept. His longest flight ranged in length up to 180 metres (590 ft), at altitudes up to 24 metres (79 ft), and had an overall glide ratio of 4.5 to 1.
Palmer's wing was heavy for today's standards and was not particularly portable. Palmer relates that he had a good aerospace job and was flying for fun. He did not attempt to modernize or market the flexible wing hang glider and shared all details with anybody interested.^[36][37] Palmer corresponded Richard Miller, who in 1964 developed the Bamboo Butterfly,^[38] followed by Tara Kiceniuk's Batso. The plans of these hang gliders circulated in some magazines in the mid 1960s.^[39]

In 1963, Australian John Dickenson set to build a water ski wing that could be released at altitude for a glide to a safe landing. After seeing a Rogallo wing airfoil on a magazine, Dickenson designed the ski kite he called the Ski Wing.^[40][41] Dickenson fashioned an airframe which included a triangle control frame integrated on a Rogallo airfoil where the pilot sat on a swinging seat while the control frame and wire bracing distributed the load to the wing as well as giving a frame to brace for weight-shift control.^{[42][43][44][45]} Dickenson's Ski Wing turned out to be stable and controllable, unlike the flat manned kites used at water ski shows.^[46] The Ski Wing was first flown in public at the 'Grafton Jacaranda Festival', Australia, in September of 1963 by Rod Fuller while towed behind a motorboat. The Ski Wing was light and portable so Dickenson decided to file for a patent, but lacking on economic resources, the patent was not awarded.^[47] Australian builders Bill Bennett and Bill Moyes advanced the Dickenson format of water ski kite and brought it fully into foot-launch hang glider by 1972.^[48]

Today, refinements and enhancements continue to be made to flexible wing hang gliders, as the flexible wing can be redesigned to improve performance far more easily than a rigid wing can be designed for portability.^[49]

[edit] Rigid wing hang gliders

There have been several rigid wing hang gliders flown since Otto Lilienthal took his first flights in the 1890s.^[50] Jack Lambie from California, designed in 1971 the popular Hang Loose Chanute hang glider,^[51][52][53] and the first two high performing modern hang gliders were the Mitchell Wing and the Icarus.

On 1971 and 1972 the Icarus I and Icarus II were built, respectively.^[54] These were rigid biplane flying wing designs by Taras Kiceniuk, Jr. The Icarus V was essentially a monoplane version of the previous Icarus designs. All of the hang gliders in the Icarus series had hand-controlled rudders and the pilot flew in a reclining position (rather than a prone position as with other hang gliders). Although many Icarus II and Icarus V gliders were built from plans sold by Kiceniuk, they were never commercially produced.

In the early 1940s Don Mitchell, an aeronautical engineer, first became involved with flying wing glider design and construction. WWII interrupted his research until 1974, with the advent of hang glider mania, adventurers were experimenting with design and exploring records worldwide. It was then that Mitchell's flying wing resurfaced. Dr. Howard Long took an interest and asked Don Mitchell to make him a refined 'flying wing' hang glider. The result was the foot-launched Mitchell Wing. When the foot-launched Mitchell Wing B-10 flew in the 1977 U.S.A. Nationals, the hang gliding world was completely astounded. The Mitchell Wing then went on to set and hold every world record in its class. In 1980, George Worthington soared to 17,000 feet high and glided 105 miles, setting two new rigid wing records. The Mitchell Wing had a single "D" spar with aircraft birch plywood torsion proof leading edge and 3-axes control.^[55] Foam ribs placed every 4.5 inches hold the D shape. The built-up truss ribs aft of the spar are covered with fabric. This structural design is simple, extremely strong and light (under 80 Lbs).

The Exxtacy, designed by Felix Ruehle In the early 1990s, followed by the IXBO, became the first two rigid wing hang gliders on the market with a leading edge of carbon fiber. Ruehle then produced the ATOS in 1999. The nose angle and wing span of modern rigid wings are a little larger than flexible wings and the sail is rather stiff.^[56]

[edit] Popularity

The recent world wide rise of hang gliding popularity is the direct effect of new portable gliders made available to a society in particular need of self expression. The extreme nature of foot-launched hang gliding appealed to the freewheeling culture of the late 1960s across America more as an expression of freedom than an air sport.^[57] The flights and Rogallo wing plans by Dave Kilbourne and Richard Miller added greatly to the presence of Rogallo wings in California in various formats. The sudden commercial availability of finished water ski hang gliders in 1969 by manufacturers like Bill Bennett^[58] (Delta Wing) and Bill Moyes^[59][60] (Moyes Gliders) added to the Rogallo wing's popularity, which began to rise world wide as a full fledged sport. Popularity was further fueled by the distribution of specialized international publications such as the Low & Slow magazine founded in 1971, Hang Glider Weekly^[61] and Ground Skimmer in 1972^[62] and Glider Rider in 1975.^[63] Hang gliding was simultaneously promoted by major international publications such as Popular Mechanics,^[64] Popular Science^[65] and the Life magazine,^[66] all three magazines distributed world-wide in 1971; the Sky Raiders hang gliding movie was released in 1976^[67][68] with a powerful effect. The British SkyWings magazine has been published monthly since 1975^[69] and Cross Country, the first truly international hang gliding magazine began publication in 1988.^[70]

Free hang gliding took longer to catch on in Australia, where hang gliding was a water skiing sport and part of the New South Wales Water Skiing Association. In fact, Dickenson's Ski Wing was competing in the NSWWSA kite-flying section against the polygonal Japanese style flat kites.^[71] The first recorded foot-launched flight in Australia occurred in 1972 and the Australian Self Soaring Association was formed by foot-launched pilots in 1974. The first foot-launched Australian Championships were held in 1976.^[72]

First flights in the early 1970s from Mt. Kilimanjaro by Moyes, and Caril Ridley’s flights in India met with headlines. On 1973 the ZDF German Television produced a 30 min documentary on Mike Harker's world record hang glider flight from Mt. Zugspitze in Germany, this TV documentary helped promote the development of hang gliding in Europe. Harker also produced other hang gliding documentaries in the mid 1970s which were presented in TV by 16 countries.^[73]

Although by the early 1970s many rigid wings were developed, none sold terribly well, while dozens of flexible wing hang glider companies were springing up all over the world. The mid 1970s underwent significant improvements in hang glider design as manufacturers were bringing out new and improved models at a fast rate. From the simple structures of the early 1970s, the aspect ratio of the gliders increased dramatically, sails became tighter, battens became the rule, and the gliders became safer. In the late 1970s preformed aluminium battens became common and in 1980, the Comet ^[74] took the industry by storm and popularized the free-floating internalized crossbar and double-surface sail construction that has since become the standard.

As usual, essentially parallel developments can be difficult to sort out and serialize, but in fact, the flexible wing hang glider popularity started with the publicized Paresev and Fleep concept, followed by John Dickenson's adaptation and the aggressive entrepreneurial energies of Bill Bennett, Bill Moyes, Joe Faust, Dick Eipper, Mike Riggs, the Wills brothers^[75] and the massive enthusiasm of thousands of people wanting to self-soar, and began what is now an estimated $50 million USD annual industry.^[76] Ironically, Dickenson never made any money^[77] and Francis Rogallo never claimed the rights to the patent he held, thus allowing his flexible wing airfoil to be used royalty free.^[78][79]

It is certain that many people from many countries, made contributions to the development of the flexible wing hang glider. In the aviation context of 'first flights' and recreational vs. commercial developments, it must be noted that new and old inventions often complement in synergy; it is in this evolutionary and social context that the crucial developments put together by Francis Rogallo and John Dickenson, were the ones that were most successful and influential on the evolution of hang gliders.

[edit] Timeline

• 1804 AD. Sir George Cayley built several gliders, distinguished between lift and drag and formulated the concepts of vertical tail surfaces, steering rudders and rear elevators.

• 1891 First controlled flights, Otto Lilienthal of Germany. His gliders have many features in common with modern hang gliders; they were foot-launched and controlled by displacing the center of gravity, referred to as 'weight-shift'.

• 1891-1896. First soaring flights. Germany, near Berlin at Gross Lichterfelde. Otto Lilienthal.

• 1904, February 15th. Jan Lavezzari flew a double lateen sail hang glider off Berck beach, France.

• 1908. George A. Spratt demonstrated the use of the triangular control frame for hang glider pendulum weight-shift control. [102]. Later in the 1930s he invented the Control Wing aircraft.

• 1920. Soaring becomes organized sport at Wasserkuppe, Germany as the World War I Versailles treaty outlaws flying powered aircraft in Germany.

• 1921. Dr. Wolfgang Klemperer breaks the Wright Brothers 1911 soaring record with a 13 minute flight in Germany. Both flights used ridge lift.

• 1921. Gottlob Espenlaub demonstrates triangle control frame (TCF) for hang gliders in Rhon, Germany.

• 1923. Platz Glider. Not foot-launchable by the pilot alone. Controlled by the pilot directly deforming the front canard wings. It was not a weight-shift hang glider but it was simple enough to be folded into a single length to be carried by Platz while riding a bicycle.^[80]

• 1928. Austrian Robert Kronfeld proved that thermal lift could be used by a sailplane to gain altitude by making a short out and return flight.

• 1929. Aero towing becomes popular, the three forms of lift are becoming well known.
• 1933. Wave lift was discovered by Wolf Hirth and one of his students in Germany.

• 1948. Francis Rogallo invents the flexible wing (Rogallo wing).^[81]

• 1956. Aeronautical engineer Paul MacCready invents the MacCready Speed Ring, used by glider pilots the world over to select optimum flight speed.

• 1957, October. Francis Rogallo released the flexible wing patent to the U.S.A. government and NASA, producing the Parawing, to be used as a deployable space capsule parachute/glider.

• 1960. Paresev (a.k.a: Parawing Research Vehicle, Paraglider Research Vehicle.) This experimental spacecraft re-entry kite/glider made use of the Rogallo wing; design and manufacture by NASA at Dryden Flight Research Center, flight tests made in early 1962 and inspired manufacture of Rogallo wing hang gliders.

• 1961. Fleep. Flexible wing aircraft design & manufacture begins.

• 1961-1962. First documented foot-launch with a Rogallo flex wing hang glider: Barry Hill Palmer, California, U.S.A. Hang glider inspired from a photo of NASA's Fleep.^{[82] [83][84][85]}

• 1961. Engineer Thomas Purcell builds a 4.9 metres (16 ft) wide Rogallo airfoil glider with an aluminium frame, wheels, a seat and basic control rods.^[86]

• 1962. Ryan Aeronautical Company publicizes images of the Fleep flexible wing aircraft.

• 1962. Mike Burns and Dick Swinbourne from Aerostructures, Sydney, Australia, design the Skiplane glider based on the Rogallo wing. It used pendulum weight-shift control and floats.

• 1963. John Dickenson, Australia. Making of the Ski Wing, an influential hang glider model encompassing a control frame and used weight-shift control.^[87][88]

• 1963, September. First flight of the Ski Wing, towed behind a motor boat. The kite/glider was piloted by Rod Fuller and then John Dickenson. Grafton, NSW, Australia.^[89]

• 1963. First release and land of a Ski Wing. Grafton, Australia. Pilot: John Dickenson.

• 1960s England. Tony Prentice designed and flew several non-Rogallo hang gliders.^[90]

• 1966. Mike Burns and Dick Swinbourne (Aerostructures) begin commercial production of Dickenson's Mark V model.

• 1966. Early flex wing hang glider, Vista Del Mar. California, U.S.A. by Richard Miller. His gliders, based on Barry Palmer's hang glider, were named Batso and Bamboo Butterfly. Their photos and plans were published in a few magazines during the 1960s. (See the Popularity section.)

• 1966. Irvin Industries start marketing a commercial version of the Rogallo Wing to sport parachuting enthusiasts.^[91]

• 1967, March. Bill Moyes and Bill Bennett taught to fly the Mark V hang glider by Mike Burns and John Dickenson.

• 1967. First foot-launch of a flexible without auxiliary power (no towing). Launched from a snowed mountain with snow skis.- Bill Moyes. Mt. Crackenback, Australia.^[92] The hang glider was a Mark V purchased from Aerostructures.

• 1969. Initial tether into headwind then released onto ridge to soar (32 minutes). Bill Moyes. NSW, Australia.^[93]

• 1969. Tony Prentice. First flex wing hang glider foot-launch in the United Kingdom.

• 1971. Foot-launch and soaring on ridge and thermal lift (1 hour). Dave Kilbourne. Mission Peak, California, U.S.A. This seems to be the first foot-launch of a flexible wing not using skis.

• 1971. Alfio Caronti, first flexible wing launched in Italy.^[94]

• 1972. Rick Poynter and Murray Sargeson introduce hang gliding to New Zealand at the 'Fly a Kite Day' in Auckland. The New Zealand Hang Gliding Association is formed as a result of this.

• 1973. Rock Poynter starts Pacific Sails in Auckland, New Zealand, manufacturing U.S. and Australian Hang Glider designs under license (Seagull III, Stinger), and developing competitive indigenous designs (Falcon, Lancer I, II, IV).

• 1974. Caril Ridley conducted high altitude flights soaring from a Maharaja's lookout tower near Sonar Hot Springs, India. The event got world wide coverage.

• 1976. Rudy Kishazy performs the first loop and series of loops at Grands Montets, France.^[95]

• 1977. Jerry Katz first to soar 161 kilometres (100 mi).

• 1978. Terry DeLore from New Zealand is crowned first World Hang Gliding Champion.

• 1983. Gérard Thévenot, the manufacturer of the Cosmos trike, introduced aerotowing, the use of weak links, parachute retrieval system of tow line and centre of thrust towing.

[edit] Production era

The following generations follow the classification from the British Hang Gliding Museum's Hang Gliding History: Development in Britain of the Flexwing hang glider. [103]

• 1971-1975. First Generation - Interest in the sport grew worldwide; development of hang gliders on a commercial scale.

• 1974-1976. Second Generation - Increased nose angle, deflexors.

• 1977-1979. Third Generation - Multiple deflexors.

• 1978-1980. Fourth Generation- Enclosed keel and tip rods.
• 1978. The Atlas (La Mouette) entered the market. The pilot flew in a prone position. The Atlas had all of the safety elements that can still be found today.

• 1980-1997. Fifth Generation - Preformed battens. Floating cross bar. Cross bar enclosed in double surface. Hang glider performance then increased rapidly. The first truly successful "double surface" hang gliders were Tom Peghiny's Kestrel and later the UP "Comet" designed by Roy Haggard (1980). Virtually all hang gliders over the next decade were refinements of the Comet. The first fifth generation hang gliders to dispense with a raised keel pocket were the Wills Wing "HP" in the U.S.A. and Enterprise Wings "Foil" in Australia (1984). Bob Trampenau of Seedwings introduced the VG (variable geometry), which was copied on most other hang gliders.

• 1997- Present. Sixth Generation - Topless (without kingpost). While topless gliders had been experimented with in the past using struts or cantilever nose plates, in the late 1990s the use of strong carbon fiber crossbars allowed the kingpost on top of the wing to be more conveniently removed to further increase performance by reducing drag.

[edit] See also

• Hang gliding
• Paragliding
• Glider
• Rogallo wing
• Aviation history
• Timeline of aviation
• First flying machine
• Powered hang glider
• A-frame for hang gliders, trikes, and ultralights

[edit] References

[edit] Print

• HGPAMag (2005), "April 2005 Issue", Hang Gliding and Paragliding Magazine (USHGPA).
• Martin Hunt and David Hunn, Contribution by Dan Poynter. (1977), Hang Gliding.
• Lilienthal, Otto (1891), "Über meine diesjährigen Flugversuche (English translation)", Zeitschrift für Luftschiffahrt (no. 12): 286-291, <http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/el2026.htm>. Retrieved on 2005-12-27.
• Lilienthal, Otto (1895), "Fliegesport und Fliegepraxis", Prometheus, Illustrirte Wochenschrift über die Fortschritte in Gewerbe, Industrie und Wissenschaft 7 (322), <http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/el2058.htm>. Retrieved on 2005-12-27 (no. 322. vol. VII, 4. XII)
• Stéphane Malbos and Noel Whittall (2005), And the World Could Fly, FAI Hang Gliding and Paragliding Commission (CIVL), <http://www.fai.org/hang_gliding/And_The_World_Could_Fly>
• Markowski (1977), The Hang Glider's Bible, <http://olivercowdery.com/texts/1851Trn1.htm#turn1851>
• Mark Woodhams (2004-05). Who invented the flex wing hang glider?. Newsletter of the British Columbia Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association, Volume 2 Issue 2. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.

[edit] External links

• The Oz Report - Worldwide Hang Gliding eZine and blog
• Horten flying wing
• Horten flying wings
• The Wing Is The Thing (TWITT)
• Flying wings
• Nurflugel

[edit] Web and news

• Rogallos of old. The Oz Report, Volume 6, Number 218 8 PM Monday, October 22nd, 2002. Retrieved on 2006-10-24. Picture of Lavezzari Glider.
• The Flying Prentice's. Homepage Stephan Nitsch > Links > Tony Prentice > Pictures. Retrieved on 2006-01-01.
• Patent of Rogallos Flexible Kite (1948). Retrieved on 2005-12-27.
• Dick Cheney, Aircraft Designer/Builder. Published in October 1993 HANG GLIDING Magazine by John Heiney (1993). Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
• Hang Gliding and the Ultralight Trike. Barry Palmer's Web Site. Retrieved on 2006-10-17.
• Chanute glider of 1896. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-12-15.
• "Grafton's Ski Wing", The Daily Examiner, 1963-10-21. 
• George, Negus. "Hang Gliders", Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2004-10-25 18:30. 
• Video of Francis Rogallo, John Dickenson, and Bill Moyes together. ? (?). Retrieved on 2006-10-28. 88 MB.
• Paresev (Parawing Research Vehicle). NASA Dryden Photo Collections. Retrieved on 2005-12-27.
• Hang Gliding History: Development in Britain of the Flexwing hang glider. British Hang Gliding Museum. Retrieved on 2005-12-26.

[edit] Video

• Video of Francis Rogallo, John Dickenson, and Bill Moyes interviewed together. Retrieved on 2006-10-28. 88 MB.