History of Florida State University

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West Florida Seminary main building, circa 1880. Built in 1854 as the Florida Institute. This building was replaced with College Hall in 1891. The Westcott Building now stands on this site - the oldest site of higher education in Florida
West Florida Seminary main building, circa 1880. Built in 1854 as the Florida Institute. This building was replaced with College Hall in 1891. The Westcott Building now stands on this site - the oldest site of higher education in Florida

Florida State University is one of the two oldest[1] of the eleven institutions of higher learning in the State University System of Florida. Florida State University traces its origins to 1823 when the Territorial Legislature of Florida began planning a system of higher education.[2] Two townships were set aside by the United States Congress for seminaries of higher learning, one on each side of the Suwannee River. By 1838, the first constitution of the State of Florida embraced and permanently guaranteed to provide for this system of general education (schools) and higher education (seminaries).[3]

Contents

[edit] Foundation

Francis W. Eppes VII
Francis W. Eppes VII

On January 24, 1851 the Legislature of the State of Florida established the two seminaries.[1] The 1851 law not merely created the schools, but also specified the organization and governing boards, including terms of office for those boards. The Legislature also specified the nature and scope of instruction at each institution. This law effectively established the joint charter for the two seminaries, providing for their complete operation - except for location, which would be awarded to the jurisdiction with the best offer of support.[4]

The Legislature concluded in Resolution No. 25 of that year that each seminary would be awarded to the county or town that would provide the best combination of land, buildings and money. Three towns presented offers for the school - Tallahassee, Marianna and Quincy, Florida. The competition between three soon became a bitter struggle between Marianna and Tallahassee for the West Florida Seminary. By January of 1853 the Legislature accepted Ocala's offer for the East Seminary and in the same law directed Governor James E. Broome to appoint a special Commission of six members from Middle and West Florida to decide upon the location of the west seminary. The matter had grown so contentious that neither Governor Broome nor the Commission members looked forward to the task and did little to resolve the contest. The issue was then handed back to the Legislature where it was finally confronted. In the meantime, as an inducement to the Legislature, the City Council of Tallahassee had built and funded an all-male academy, called the Florida Institute, in Tallahassee.[5]

[edit] Presbyterian influence

First Presbyterian Church, Tallahassee finished in 1839, near FSU campus
First Presbyterian Church, Tallahassee finished in 1839, near FSU campus

Throughout the history of Tallahassee, strong energy and focus towards education originated with leaders and members of the First Presbyterian Church, Tallahassee, located near Florida State University. The First Presbyterian Church building was built before 1838 and is the oldest public building in Tallahassee.[6] For almost a century the First Presbyterian Church of Tallahassee would have a strong symbiotic relationship with the origin and development of the educational institution known today as Florida State University.[7]

The Florida Institute was in reality a resurrected version of an earlier school for males and females called the Leon Academy, which was established in 1827 by Presbyterian Reverend Henry White. This first organization stopped operating in 1840 and was soon replaced by schools for males and females in a system established by Reverend Joshua Phelps and Elder David C. Wilson, both of the First Presbyterian Church. Princeton University educated Reverend William Neil and his wife Eliza Neil operated the academies for males and females, which were merged in 1846 into a new version of the Leon Academy for Males and Females. The Leon Academy later apparently split into the Tallahassee Female Academy for females and the Florida Institute, for males. By January of 1850 municipal elections in Tallahassee called for a city-supported school for males. The Tallahassee City Council, acting on the vote, assumed financial responsibility for the Florida Institute the same year.

The subsequent law of 1851 establishing the Seminaries seemed an answer to the existing educational needs of Tallahassee when it passed the Legislature. Francis W. Eppes, the grandson of Thomas Jefferson and who grew up on Monticello, was the Intendant or Mayor of Tallahassee at the time of this competition. Eppes was well aware of the benefits an institution of higher learning could bring to a city and was determined to win the west seminary for Tallahassee. The building of the Florida Institute was regarded at the time as the "handsomest edifice in Tallahassee" and cost $6,172.00 at its completion in April, 1855. By 1856 Eppes and the Tallahassee City Council had won the competition and transferred the Florida Institute to the state. The rise of land slightly west of the center of Tallahassee, formerly known as Gallows Hill, which was the site and building of the ongoing Florida Institute, was offered and accepted as the western state seminary for male students. While the seminary did not officially hold classes as a state institution until 1857, it absorbed the Tallahassee Female Academy begun in 1843 as the Misses Bates School, thereby becoming co-educational.[8] As a result of this merger Florida State University is the oldest university in Florida, with clear predecessor operations traceable to 1843, about two years before Florida became a state of the United States. The West Florida Seminary stood near the front of the Westcott Building on the existing FSU campus.[9] This site is the oldest continually used location of higher learning in Florida.[10][11]The eastern seminary was located in Ocala, FL in 1853 and was closed during the American Civil War. It reopened in 1866 in Gainesville, FL (and would eventually be combined with other schools to form what would be called the University of the State of Florida in 1906).[12]

[edit] Civil War & Reconstruction

William Denham, West Florida Seminary cadet during the Civil War
William Denham, West Florida Seminary cadet during the Civil War

During the Civil War the name of the seminary was changed to The Florida Military and Collegiate Institute and began military training for students. Young cadets from the school, along with other soldiers from Tallahassee, defeated Union forces at the Battle of Natural Bridge in 1865 .[13][14] As a result, Tallahassee was the only Confederate capital east of the Mississippi River not to fall to Union forces. The Army ROTC unit at Florida State University is one of only three ROTC units in the United States with permission to display a campaign streamer. The Florida State University ROTC streamer reads NATURAL BRIDGE 1865. After the fall of the Confederacy, campus buildings were occupied by Union forces for over a month. The West Florida Seminary reverted to a purely academic purpose after the war, and began a period of substantial growth and development.

[edit] First state university

In January of 1883 Reverend John Kost, A.M., M.D., LL.D of Michigan proposed to carry out the mandate of the 1868 Constitution requiring a state university. Kost selected Tallahassee and the West Florida Seminary for the location of the university. Dr. Kost secured a charter from Governor Bloxham authorizing the organization of a state university with a college of medicine and surgery, a theological institute, a college of law, a literary college a polytechnic institute and a normal institute. The existing West Florida Seminary buildings housed both the College of Medicine and the Literary College. The university awarded several doctoral degrees, including the Ph.D. In 1885 the Board of Regents tried to have the university recognized in the Constitutional Convention of 1885, but failed. Consequently, the Florida University lasted through from January, 1883 through the fall of 1885, when the College of Medicine was transferred to Jacksonville and the university reverted to its earlier form. When other schools eventually tried to adopt the name "University of Florida" about 20 years later, officials from the Florida State College reminded the newcomers of the law and the original holder of the title in a 1903 university publication.[15]

By 1891 the seminary began to focus on what would be recognized today as post-secondary education and by 1897 became the first liberal arts college in Florida.[2]

Albert A. Murphree, President of Florida State College 1897-1909
Albert A. Murphree, President of Florida State College 1897-1909

In 1901 the seminary was renamed the Florida State College and was organized into four departments: the College, the College Academy, the School for Teachers and the School of Music. Florida State College was a four-year institution with authority to award the Master of Arts graduate degree. The first master's degree was issued by the college in 1902.

College Hall, circa 1903
College Hall, circa 1903

[edit] Buckman Act

The 1905 Buckman Act reorganized the existing seven Florida colleges into three institutions, segregated by race and gender - a school for Caucasian males, a school for Caucasian females and a school for African Americans. As a result of this reorganization, the coeducational Florida State College was renamed the Florida Female College, (which by 1909 was changed to the Florida State College for Women (FSCW) after the initial women's title was generally rejected) and accepted only white female students.[16] All male students were subsequently required to attend the school for males, taking with them the fraternity system and the football team. The Buckman bill was the brainchild of Henry Holland Buckman, a legislator from Duval County, Florida. The Buckman bill was hotly debated, one legislator said in debate: "I believe in coeducation. Statistics prove satisfactory to me that separate institutions for male and female is detrimental (sic) to both--physically, mentally and morally."[17] Further, per Shira Birnbaum, Ph.D in her article Making Southern belles in progressive era Florida: Gender in the formal and hidden curriculum of the Florida Female College (Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 1996) the Buckman Act:

didn't merely standardize, consolidate and narrow opportunities for public higher education in Florida. It also inaugurated an era of new school gender practices. Right from the start, in fact, the Buckman Act's message to Florida's women was that the highest levels of educational attainment--the advanced degrees and professional schools of a "university education--would be reserved for white males attending the new all-male University of the State of Florida. White women, by contrast, had to settle for a "college." Furthermore, the Buckman Act mandated that the university would "teach...the fundamental laws and...the rights and duties of citizens ..." to its male students. The college, by contrast, would "teach...all the useful arts and sciences that may be necessary or appropriate." A dual discourse had been laid out--one that framed education for white men as a matter of "citizenship" and education for white women as a matter of "usefulness".[18]

A residence hall currently on the campus of the University of Florida bears the name Buckman Hall in honor of the legislator. Curiously, no equivalent building exists on the campus of Florida State University.[19]

Despite the impact of the Buckman Act, Albert A. Murphree, then President of the Florida State College, determined to stress liberal studies and academic performance.[20] By 1933 the Florida State College for Women had grown to be the third largest women’s college in the United States.[21] In 1935, the College was awarded the Alpha Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa in Florida.[22][23] The Florida State College for Women was the first state women's college in the South to be awarded a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa, as well as the first university in Florida to be so honored for academic quality.[24]

Westcott Building, circa 1933
Westcott Building, circa 1933

[edit] Wartime changes

After World War II, returning soldiers taking advantage of the new G.I. Bill placed an unexpectedly heavy demand on the state university system. The Tallahassee Branch of the University of Florida (TBUF) was quickly opened on the campus of the Florida State College for Women.[2][25] The men were housed in former barracks on Dale Mabry Field, an existing WWII U.S. Army Air Force training field west of Tallahassee, that was deactivated in part after the war. Male students were then enrolled into the Florida State College for Women and traveled to the main campus by bus. Part of Dale Mabry Field became known as "West Campus" during this brief period. By the end of the 1946-1947 school year, 954 men were enrolled in the TBUF program. By 1947 the Florida Legislature returned the FSCW to coeducational status and renamed the Florida State College for Women Florida State University.[26] The FSU West Campus land and barracks plus other areas continually used as an airport later became the location of the Tallahassee Community College.

Westcott Building circa 2003
Westcott Building circa 2003

The 1950s brought substantial growth and development to the university. Several colleges were added and the first Ph.D. was awarded in Chemistry by 1952 . Many buildings recognizable today were added to the university such as the Strozier Library, Tully Gymnasium and the original parts of the Business building. Programs supplementing the original liberal arts and education departments were added including Business, Journalism (discontinued in 1959), Library Science, Nursing and Social Welfare. Social Welfare was later split into the College of Criminology and the College of Social Work.

[edit] Student activism and racial integration

During the 1960s and 1970s Florida State University was known as a center of student activism especially in the areas of racial integration, women's rights and the Vietnam War. The school acquired the nickname 'Berkeley of the South'[27] during this period, in reference to similar student activities at the University of California, Berkeley and is also purported to be the site of the genesis of "streaking," which is said to have first been observed on Landis Green.[28][29] Governor Claude Kirk once spent a night on Landis Green, in the center of campus, discussing politics with protesting students. Elements of free speech activism still exist at FSU today. The Center for Participant Education was established in 1970 as an alternative to traditional university academics. Its purpose is to allow students to "explore socially relevant topics and to foster a healthier philosophy of education through classes in which anyone could teach or attend. Since then, CPE has been investigated by the Legislature, suspended by the Board of Regents, and challenged by FSU administration. CPE has managed to hold strong through all of this, and remains today as one of the last free universities in the country."[30] Florida State also established the Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Space Biosciences and the Programs in Medical Studies.

After many years as a segregated university, in 1962 Maxwell Courtney became the first African American undergraduate student admitted to Florida State.[31] In 1968 Calvin Patterson became the first African American player for the Florida State University football team.[32]

Tallahassee and Florida State were difficult places for African Americans even as late as 1968. When Calvin Patterson, a star player from Miami signed with the Florida State Seminoles he endured insults and threats from the beginning. Tallahassee, at the time, was very much still rooted in the Old South as Patterson was neither accepted by many white students and fans at FSU nor the black students at nearby historically black Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University who viewed Patterson as a traitor.[32] Difficult history became triumph, however, as Florida State today has the highest graduation rate for African American students of all universities in Florida, including Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University.[33]

Today, Florida State University aspires to become a top American research university with at least one-third of its graduate programs ranked in the Top-15 nationally. Florida State University owns more than 1,530 acres (6.2km²)[34] and is the home of the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory among other advanced research facilities. The university continues to develop in its capacity as a leader in Florida graduate research. Other milestones at the university include the first ETA10-G/8 supercomputer[35], capable of 10.8 GFLOPS in 1989, remarkable for the time in that it exceeded the existing speed record of the Cray-2/8, located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory by a substantial leap and the development of the anti-cancer drug Taxol.

The Jefferson-Eppes Trophy is exchanged between the University of Virginia and Florida State University after each football competition in recognition of the common roots shared between the two schools.

[edit] Pathways of Excellence

Landis Hall on Landis Green. (Honors residence hall)
Landis Hall on Landis Green. (Honors residence hall)

The strategic vision of Florida State University, known as Pathways of Excellence, changed in September 2005 as the result of an evaluation of "FSU’s academic productivity and recognition as viewed in the context of the Phase I and Phase II indicators for membership in the Association of American Universities (AAU) and the standards used by the National Research Council for evaluating doctoral programs."[36] The task group made recommendations, on which FSU President Wetherell acted, which are intended to have a dramatic transformational effect on the overall academic quality and scholarly productivity of the university. The faculty group created specific goals for the university which include substantial investment in new university faculty hired in "academic clusters"[37] focused principally on doctoral-level research. Coupled with this investment in 200 new faculty members is an aggressive expansion of the physical infrastructure of the university.[38] To date, new construction is underway or recently completed for a new Experimental Social Science Laboratory, a College of Medicine Research Building, a new Psychology Building, a new Chemistry Building, a new Life Sciences Teaching and Research Building and a new Materials Research Building.

Concurrently, other existing research facilities at the university have been renovated, including the Nancy Smith Fichter Dance Theatre, the Kasha Laboratory of the Institute of Molecular Biophysics plus enhancements to the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and a new Applied Superconductivity Center.

[edit] Presidents

Col. V.M. Johnson - led Seminary cadets at the Battle of Natural Bridge in 1865
Col. V.M. Johnson - led Seminary cadets at the Battle of Natural Bridge in 1865

Before 1887 the chief executive officer at the institution was titled Principal.[8] With the appointment of George Edgar in 1887, the title was changed to President. Prior to 1877 the Male Department of the West Florida Seminary had a male Principal and the Female Department a female Principal. These positions were combined into one with the appointment of James D. Wade as chief executive of the entire institution in 1877.

  • T. K. Wetherell 2003-
  • Talbot D'Alemberte 1994-2003
  • Dale W. Lick 1991-1994
  • Bernard F. Sliger 1976-1991[39]
  • Stanley Marshall 1969-1976
  • John E. Champion 1965-1969
  • Gordon W. Blackwell 1960-1965
  • Milton W. Carothers 1960
  • Robert M. Strozier 1957-1960
  • Albert B. Martin 1957
  • Doak S. Campbell 1947-1957
  • Edward Conradi 1909-1941
  • Albert A. Murphree 1897-1909
  • Alvin Lewis 1892-1897
  • George Edgar 1887-1892
  • Major E.R. Weeks 1882-1885
  • John N. Whitner 1880-1882
  • James Douglass Wade 1873-1880
  • T. Sumner Stevens 1869-1871
  • J. Lucius Cross 1866-1868
  • Captain V.M. Johnson, CSA 1864-1865
  • Levi H. Persons 1864
  • Captain V.M. Johnson, CSA 1864
  • Colonel Bannister 1863-1864
  • Various Confederate States Army officers 1862-1863
  • J. Lucius Cross 1861-1862
  • Philip H. Montague 1860-1861
  • Reverend Duncan McNeil Turner 1857-1860
  • William Y. Peyton 1857 (former principal of the Florida Institute)

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b [1] State Library and Archives of Florida - The Florida Memory Project Timeline (see 1851) Retrieved on 4-28-2007
  2. ^ a b c [2] History of Florida State University, Office of the Dean of the Faculties, September 5, 2001 Retrieved on 4-29-2007.
  3. ^ [3] State Library and Archives of Florida - The Florida Memory Project, Florida Constitution of 1838, Article X - Education: "Section 1. The proceeds of all lands that have been or may hereafter be granted by the United States for the use of Schools, and a Seminary or Seminaries, of learning, shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which, together with all monies derived from any other source applicable to the same object, shall be inviolably appropriated to the use of Schools and Seminaries of learning respectively, and to no other purpose. Section 2. The General Assembly shall take such measures as may be necessary to preserve from waste or damage all land so granted and appropriated to the purposes of Education. " Retrieved on 5-25-2007
  4. ^ Dodd, William George History of the West Florida Seminary - Introduction Tallahassee: Florida State University, 1952
  5. ^ [4] State Library and Archives of Florida - Florida Photographic Collection, Original building of the all male Florida Institute, one predecessor of the West Florida Seminary. Archives metadata: The male academy. Built in 1854, by the city, as an inducement for the legislature to name Tallahassee as the site of the Seminary West of the Suwanee. Operated as the Florida Institute until it became West Florida Seminary in 1857. Retrieved on 4-29-2007.
  6. ^ [5] An Historical Sketch Of the Sanctuary First Presbyterian Church Tallahassee, Florida Retrieved on 2-10-2008.
  7. ^ At First - The Presbyterian Church in Tallahassee, Florida, 1828-1938 p. 111; Barbara Rhodes, Copyright 1994, First Presbyterian Church, Tallahassee, FL
  8. ^ a b [6] Florida State University Libraries - John L. DeMilly Papers 1877-1879, Historical Note Retrieved on 4-28-2007.
  9. ^ [7] State Library and Archives of Florida - Florida Photographic Collection, Map showing location of the West Florida Seminary published 1885. Archives metadata: No. 3 was the seminary. Built in 1854. In use 1857, when classes began, until 1891 when it was remolded to College Hall. Retrieved on 4-29-2007.
  10. ^ [8] State Library and Archives of Florida - Florida Photographic Collection, West Florida Seminary circa 1884. Archives metadata: Building given to the seminary at its inception (1857) for classes. Destroyed in 1891 to make way for College Hall. Retrieved on 4-29-2007.
  11. ^ [9] State Library and Archives of Florida - Florida Photographic Collection, College Hall at the West Florida Seminary circa 1898. Archives metadata: Constructed in 1891. Replaced by Westcott in 1909. Retrieved on 4-29-2007.
  12. ^ [10] Text adapted from _Historic Gainesville, A Tour Guide to the Past_, Ben Pickard, ed., Historic Gainesville, Inc., Gainesville, FL, 1991, 48 pp. Copyright by Historic Gainesville, Inc. Retrieved on 4-29-2007.
  13. ^ [11] State Library and Archives of Florida - The Florida Memory Project Timeline (see 1865) Retrieved on 4-29-2007
  14. ^ [12] State Library and Archives of Florida - Florida Photographic Collection, West Florida Seminary Cadets, published circa 187-. Archive metadata: West Florida Seminary cadets taking a break Retrieved on 4-29-2007
  15. ^ [13] History of Florida State University, Office of the Dean of the Faculties, September 5, 2001 - "The following quote from the 1903 Florida State College Catalogue adds an interesting footnote to this period: In 1883 the institution, now long officially known as the West Florida Seminary, was organized by the Board of Education as The Literary College of the University of Florida. Owing to lack of means for the support of this more ambitious project, and also owing to the fact that soon thereafter schools for technical training were established, this association soon dissolved. It remains to be remarked, however, that the legislative act passed in 1885, bestowing upon the institution the title of the University of Florida, has never been repealed. The more pretentious name is not assumed by the college owing to the fact that it does not wish to misrepresent its resources and purposes." Retrieved on 4-29-2007.
  16. ^ [14] State Library and Archives of Florida - Florida Photographic Collection, Westcott Building at the Florida State College for Women, published 193-. Archives metadata: Fountain and Westcott Building at Florida State College for Women. Retrieved on 4-29-2007.
  17. ^ [15] Shira Birnbaum, "Making Southern belles in progressive era Florida: Gender in the formal and hidden curriculum of the Florida Female College", p. 7, Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2/3, Gender, Nations, and Nationalisms (1996), pp. 218-246 doi:10.2307/3346809 Retrieved on 7-02-2007.
  18. ^ [16] Shira Birnbaum, "Making Southern belles in progressive era Florida: Gender in the formal and hidden curriculum of the Florida Female College", p. 8, Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2/3, Gender, Nations, and Nationalisms (1996), pp. 218-246 doi:10.2307/3346809 Retrieved on 7-02-2007.
  19. ^ [17] Florida State University - Campus Map Retrieved on 7-02-2007.
  20. ^ [18] Florida State University - Women and Science at FSU Retrieved on 7-02-2007.
  21. ^ [19] Florida State University Libraries Special Collections Department, Inventory of the Florida State College for Women Surveys and Reports (MSS2003003), Biographical/Historical Notes. Created by Amy McDonald. Copyright Florida State University Libraries, 2004 Retrieved on 4-30-2007.
  22. ^ [20] Alpha of Florida - Phi Beta Kappa Retrieved on 4-29-2007.
  23. ^ [21] Phi Beta Kappa - Chronology of Chapters Retrieved on 5-23-2007.
  24. ^ [22] Florida State University Libraries Special Collections Department, Inventory of the Florida State College for Women/Florida State University Phi Beta Kappa Alpha of Florida Chapter. (MSS2005-014) Biographical/Historical Notes. Created by Erin VanClay, Copyright Florida State University Libraries, 09/2005 Retrieved on 4-30-2007.
  25. ^ [23] State Library and Archives of Florida - Florida Photographic Collection, Tallahassee Branch of the University of Florida at the Florida State College for Women circa 1946. Archives metadata: The first 507 students went to register for the TBUF program, 1946-47. They were enrolled at Florida State College for Women in 1946. TBUF was created to serve men returning from World War II because there was no room at the state men's college, the University of Florida. They were the first men on campus since 1905. Retrieved on 4-30-2007.
  26. ^ [24] Personal history of Mary Lou Norwood, FSCW/FSU Alumna, (transitional) Class of 1947 (FSU webpage): "She graduated in the transitional class of 1947, when FSCW became the coeducational Florida State University. She was a member of the only class for which both institutional names appear on the diploma." Retrieved on 4-30-2007.
  27. ^ [25] Florida State University, News Archive, Events Retrieved on 4-30-2007.
  28. ^ [26] Florida State Times - On-Line, April/May 1997 - Compression (©1997 Florida State Times): "Streaking an FSU First - One of the more notorious fads of the 1970s began on the campus of Florida State. Streaking, which swept the nation in the 1970s, was started in 1974 when about 200 FSU students decided to run naked across the campus one mild March evening." Retrieved on 6-29-2007.
  29. ^ [27] Tallahassee Naturally, Inc. (©2005 by Tallahassee Naturally, Inc. All rights reserved): "January 15, 1974 was a slow day at the Florida Flambeau. So the editor persuaded four male FSU students to streak naked across Woodward Avenue and the tennis courts, on into a waiting getaway car. Within weeks, the streaking fad had spread across campuses nationwide. To uphold their record as Number 1, FSU students staged mass nude evening rallies in front of the library. But the fad quickly passed, and everyone forgot that it had started in Tallahassee." Retrieved on 6-29-2007.
  30. ^ [28] Florida State University, Center for Participant Education Retrieved on 4-30-2007.
  31. ^ FSU Black Alumni Association pays tribute to first black student - FSU.com January 30, 2004. Retrieved on 2008-04-20.
  32. ^ a b Walk With Me - Sports Illustrated November 16, 2005. Retrieved on 2008-04-20.
  33. ^ More blacks succeed at FSU - St. Petersburg Times November 19, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-04-20.
  34. ^ [29] Florida State University Factbook 2006-07 - Site and Acreage Holdings Retrieved on 4-30-2007.
  35. ^ [30] Jeff Bauer - A History of Supercomputing at Florida State University, 1991 Retrieved on 4-30-2007.
  36. ^ [31] Florida State University - Pathways of Excellence Retrieved on 5-27-2007.
  37. ^ [32] Florida State University - Pathways of Excellence Round 2 Academic Cluster Proposals Retrieved on 5-27-2007.
  38. ^ [33] Florida State University - Pathways of Excellence, New Facilities Retrieved on 5-27-2007.
  39. ^ Bernard F. Sliger. Retrieved on 2007-07-06.
  • Adams, Alfred Hugh (1962). A History of Public Higher Education in Florida, 1821‑1961. Florida State University. 
  • Bush, George G. (1898). History of Education in Florida. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Education, Circular of Information 1888, # 7. 
  • Campbell, Doak Sheridan (1964). A University in Transition: Florida State College for Women and Florida State University, 1941‑1957. Florida State University. 
  • Dodd, William George (1948). "Early Education in Tallahassee and the West Florida Seminary, Now Florida State University". Florida Historical Quarterly (XXVII): 1‑27. 
  • Dodd, William George (1952). History of West Florida Seminary. Florida State University. B0007E7WRS. 
  • Dodd, William George (1952). West Florida Seminary, 1857‑1901; Florida State College, 1901‑1905. Tallahassee: none. 
  • Dodd, William George (1958-1959). Florida State College for Women, Notes on the Formative Years (1905‑1920)‑‑With a Postscript: The Twenties; and Epilogue: The Forties 1940‑1944. Tallahassee: none. 
  • Marshall, J.Stanley (2006). The Tumultuous Sixties - Campus Unrest and Student Life at a Southern University. Tallahassee: Sentry Press. ISBN 1889574252. 
  • McGrotha, Bill (1987). Seminoles! The First Forty Years. Tallahassee Democrat. ISBN 0961304014. 
  • Rhodes, Barbara (1994). At First - The Presbyterian Church in Tallahassee, Florida, 1828-1938. First Presbyterian Church, Tallahassee, Florida. 
  • Sellers, Robin Jeanne (1995). Femina perfecta: The genesis of Florida State University. FSU Foundation. ISBN 0964837412. 

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