History of Benin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Note: This article is about the modern nation of Benin, which encompasses the former French colony of Dahomey, located west of Nigeria. It is easily confused with the historical empire governed by the Oba of Benin from the 14th Century until 1897, from a seat of power sited at Benin City in present-day Nigeria.
The Republic of Benin was the seat of Dahomey, one of the great medieval African kingdoms, governed from the capital, Abomey, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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[edit] Kingdom of Benin
During the 13th century, the indigenous Edo people of the west Niger area were run by a group of local chieftains, but by the 15th century a single ruler known as the 'oba' had asserted control. See Kingdom of Benin. Under the dynasty established by Ewuare the Great, the most famous of the obas, Benin's territory expanded to cover a region between the Niger River delta and what is now the Nigerian city of Lagos. The obas brought great prosperity and a highly organized state to Benin. They also established good relations and an extensive slave trade with the Portuguese and Dutch who arrived from the 15th century onwards.
[edit] Colonial Benin
The decline of the obas began in the 18th century when a series of internal power struggles began which lasted into the 19th century. This paved the way for the French takeover and colonization of the country in 1872. In 1904, the territory was incorporated into French West Africa as Dahomey.
Under the French, a port was constructed at Cotonou, and railroads were built. School facilities were expanded by Roman Catholic missions. In 1946, Dahomey became an overseas territory with its own parliament and representation in the French national assembly. On December 4, 1958, it became the République du Dahomey, self-governing within the French Community.
[edit] Post-colonial Benin
On August 1, 1960, the Republic of Dahomey gained full independence from France. The first president was Hubert Maga, who bore the title Prime Minister during the country's last year under French rule. Instability caused by economic troubles, social unrest and ethnic tensions brought about a coup in 1963. Justin Ahomadegbé was appointed president until he was deposed in 1969 and Lt. Col.Paul-Émile de Souza was made president.
When elections were cancelled in 1970, a three-man presidential council was appointed, including Maga, his politically ally Sourou Migan Apithy and Ahomadegbé. Another coup was staged in 1972, which led to the installation of a government led by Major Mathieu Kérékou. The name of the country was changed to Benin in 1975.
From 1974 to 1989 Kérékou ran the country as a socialist state, earning the label of "Africa's Cuba". Free elections were reestablished in 1991, and Kérékou was defeated by Nicéphore Soglo, Soglo however lost the 1996 election to Kérékou. He remained in power despite allegations of electoral fraud in the 2001 election.
Kérékou did not seek reelection in 2006, and he was succeeded by Yayi Boni in April 2006.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Rulers.org — Benin List of rulers for Benin
- History of Benin
[edit] References
- This article contains material from the CIA World Factbook which, as a U.S. government publication, is in the public domain.
- This article contains material from the US Department of State's Background Notes which, as a US government publication, is in the public domain.
