Histidine kinase
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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| ATP:protein-L-histidine N-phosphotransferase | |
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Histidine Kinase
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| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | HK |
| CAS number | |
| PDB | 2C2A |
| Other data | |
| EC number | 2.7.13.3 |
In enzymology, a histidine kinase (EC 2.7.13.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
- ATP + protein L-histidine
ADP + protein N-phospho-L-histidine
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and protein L-histidine, whereas its two products are ADP and protein N-phospho-L-histidine. Histidine Kinases (HK) are multifunctional, typically transmembrane enzymes of the transferase class, that serve a major role in signal transduction through the cellular membrane. The vast majority of HKs are homodimers and exhibit autokinase, phosphotransfer and phosphatase activity. The mechanisms for these reactions have not been completely elucidated but current evidence suggests that the catalytic domain of one dimeric unit may rotate in such a way that the ATP binding pocket of one unit can come into contact with a particular histidine residue on the opposite unit and a nucleophilic addition results in a phosphorylated histidine (Marina et al, 2005). Other names in common use include EnvZ, histidine kinase (ambiguous), HK1, HP165, and Sln1p. This enzyme participates in 4 metabolic pathways: two-component system - general, bacterial chemotaxis - general, bacterial chemotaxis - organism-specific, and type ii secretion system.
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[edit] Structure and Function
HKs are comprised of several domains starting with a short N-terminal cytoplasmic portion connected to an extracellular sensing domain via a transmembrane α helix. A second transmembrane α helix connects the extracellular domain to the C-terminal cytoplasmic catalytic domain. HKs are known to serve roles in many different signal transduction pathways, so it is not surprising that the extracellular sensing domain is not very well conserved in the HK family. In contrast, the cytoplasmic domain tends to have high sequence homology and contains several well-known motifs. These motifs include the H, N, G1, F, and G2 boxes (Parkinson and Kofoid, 1992). The autophosphorylation H-box is contained in the N-terminal dimerization and histidine phosphotransfer (DHp) domain. In HK853-CD, crystallized from Thermotoga maritime, this domain is a helical-hairpin and is formed by residues 232-317. The histidine phosphorylation site is located at His260. The N, G1, F and G2 boxes are contained in the C-terminal catalytic and ATP-binding (CA) domain. This domain is formed by residues 323-489 and forms a structure known as an α/β sandwich fold. This particular fold has one layer composed of a 5-stranded β sheet and the other layer is made of three α helices. The dimeric unit is held together by a four-helix bundle, formed when the C-terminal segments of the α1 helices on each subunit interact in an antiparallel manner with both α2 helices. The stability of the dimer is aided by several interactions at the interface between the DHps of each monomer. These include hydrophobic interactions between conserved hydrophobic residues as well as two hydrogen bonds (Thr252-Glu316’ and Arg263-Asn307’) and one salt bridge (Lys270-Glu303’). Further interactions are mediated via hydrogen bonds to water within a cavity inside the coiled coil and flanked by hydrophobic residues.
The nucleotide/ATP binding pocket is contained within the CA domain and the structural similarity of this pocket is high between most HKs. The cavity of CheA, also crystallized from T. maritima, is first formed by β sheet P4 in the rear and the sides of the cavity are formed by the 4 motifs mentioned earlier, the N, G1, F, and G2 boxes (get figure from Bilwes, 2001 article). The majority of the residues coming from the β sheet are hydrophobic with Asp449 being the exception. This residue is invariant and forms a hydrogen bond along with a water molecule to the adenine amine group. Three other water molecules form direct hydrogen bonds with the adenine base. A Mg2+ ion forms a bridge between all three phosphates and an invariant Asn residue. Finally, two more water molecules complete octahedral coordination with Mg2+ and are linked to Arg408 and His405. When the γ phosphate of ATP is destabilized, the Mg2+ is no longer observed due to its inability to octahedrally coordinate. Marina et al. argue that similar coordination of Mg2+ occurs in HK853 but that it is unobserved due to the usage of the ATP analog AMPPNP in the crystal structure. During crystallization, the analog was hydrolyzed into a product similar to ADP.
The final side of the ATP binding pocket is conveniently named the “ATP lid.” The stability of this structure is mediated by the presence of the γ phosphate and thus the Mg2+ ion in the binding site. Also the presence of the nucleotide base has proved to play a significant role in stabilization of the lid in a closed conformation. The ATP lid is connected via hydrophobic residues to the rest of the protein. The γ phosphate of ATP is somewhat exposed allowing for dephosphorylation. Upon ATP binding in this pocket, it is believed that a conformational change occurs allowing the rotation of the CA domain to come into contact with the DHp of the other monomer and thus allowing the conserved His260 to rest near the γ phosphate. The Nε of His260 then attacks the γ phosphate of ATP in a nucleophilic addition and bumps off ADP as its leaving group.
[edit] Role in Fungal Infections
Research suggests that a two-component system, involving histidine kinase and a variable response regulator protein, may be critical to the virulence of some fungal strains such as Candida albicans, which is often responsible for causing candidiasis in immunocompromised persons (Torosantucci et al. 2002). C. albicans with a deletion of CHK1, the two-component histidine kinase gene, show defects in morphogenesis and a drastic decrease in the cell’s ability to resist elimination by human neutrophils. As humans lack this two component system, it may be a good target for anti-microbial agents in order to treat candidiasis.
[edit] Structural studies
As of late 2007, 9 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1P0Z, 2CMN, 2GJ3, 2HJE, 2J48, 2O9B, 2O9C, 2R78, and 2R8R.
[edit] References
- IUBMB entry for 2.7.13.3
- BRENDA references for 2.7.13.3 (Recommended.)
- PubMed references for 2.7.13.3
- PubMed Central references for 2.7.13.3
- Google Scholar references for 2.7.13.3
- Kowluru A (2002). "Identification and characterization of a novel protein histidine kinase in the islet beta cell: evidence for its regulation by mastoparan, an activator of G-proteins and insulin secretion". Biochem. Pharmacol. 63: 2091–100. doi:. PMID 12110368.
- Yoshimi A, Tsuda M, Tanaka C (2004). "Cloning and characterization of the histidine kinase gene Dic1 from Cochliobolus heterostrophus that confers dicarboximide resistance and osmotic adaptation". Mol. Genet. Genomics. 271: 228–36. doi:. PMID 14752661.
- Beier D, Frank R (2000). "Molecular characterization of two-component systems of Helicobacter pylori". J. Bacteriol. 182: 2068–76. doi:. PMID 10735847.
- Pflock M, Dietz P, Schar J, Beier D (2004). "Genetic evidence for histidine kinase HP165 being an acid sensor of Helicobacter pylori". FEMS. Microbiol. Lett. 234: 51–61. doi:. PMID 15109719.
- Roberts DL, Bennett DW, Forst SA (1994). "Identification of the site of phosphorylation on the osmosensor, EnvZ, of Escherichia coli". J. Biol. Chem. 269: 8728–33. PMID 8132603.
- Alberto Marina, Carey D Waldburger, Wayne A Hendrickson (2005). "Structure of the entire cytoplasmic portion of a sensor histidine-kinase protein". EMBO Journal 24: 4247–59. doi:. PMID 16319927.
- Alexandrine M. Bilwes, Cindy M. Quezada, Laura R. Croal, Brian R. Crane, Melvin I. Simon (2001). "Nucleotide binding by the histidine kinase CheA". Nat. Struct. Bio . 8: 353–60. doi:. PMID 11276258.
- Alexandrine M. Bilwes,Lisa A. Alex, Brian R. Crane, Melvin I. Simon (1999). "Structure of CheA, a Signal-Transducing Histidine Kinase". Cell 96: 131–41. doi:. PMID 9989504.
- Ryan L. Brunsing, Chandra La Clair, Sharon Tang, Christina Chiang, Lynn E. Hancock, Marta Perego, James A Hoch (2005). "Characterization of Sporulation Histidine Kinases of Bacillus anthracis". J. Bacteriol. 187: 6972–81. doi:. PMID 16199567.
- Amr Eldakak, F. Marion Hulett (2007). "Cys303 in the Histidine Kinase PhoR is Crucial for the Phosphotransfer Reaction in the PhoPR Two-Component System in Bacillus subtilis". J. Bacteriol. 189: 410–21. doi:. PMID 17085571.
- Ann Hirschman, Marina Boukhvalova, Ricaele VanBruggen, Alan J Wolfe, Richad C. Stewart (2001). "Active Site Mutations in CheA, the Signal-Transducing Protein Kinase of the Chemotaxis System in Escherichia coli". Biochemistry 40: 13876–87. doi:. PMID 11705377.
- Antonella Torosantucci, Paola Chiani, Flavia De Bernardis, Antonio Cassone, Jose Antonio Calera, Richard Calderone (2002). "Deletion of the Two-Component Histidine Kinase Gene (CHK1) of Candida albicans Contributes to Enhanced Growth Inhibition and Killing by Human Neutrophils In Vitro". Infection and Immunity 70: 985–7. doi:. PMID 11796636.
