His Dark Materials

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His Dark Materials
The trilogy (British versions), in order of succession from left to right.
Author	Philip Pullman
Language	English
Genre(s)	Fantasy
Publisher	Scholastic Point
Publication date	1995–2000
Media type	Print (Hardback & Paperback)

His Dark Materials, a trilogy of fantasy novels (some of which have won awards^[1]) by Philip Pullman, comprises Northern Lights (1995 — released as The Golden Compass in North America), The Subtle Knife (1997) and The Amber Spyglass (2000). (The books have also appeared as a single-volume omnibus in the United Kingdom and in North America, titled His Dark Materials.) The trilogy follows the coming-of-age of two children, Lyra Belacqua and Will Parry, as they wander through a series of parallel universes against a backdrop of epic events.

The story involves fantasy elements such as witches and armoured polar bears, and alludes to a broad range of ideas from fields such as physics, philosophy, theology and spirituality. The trilogy functions in part as a retelling and inversion of John Milton's epic, Paradise Lost; Pullman commends humanity for its attainment of wisdom and knowledge rather than condemning it (as in Milton's poem).^[2] Because of this and of other elements such as the negative portrayal of organized religion, the series has drawn criticism from some religious individuals and groups.

Pullman's publishers have primarily marketed the series to young adults, but Pullman also intended to speak to adults.^[3] North American printings of The Amber Spyglass have censored passages describing Lyra's incipient sexuality.^[4][5]

Pullman has published two short stories related to His Dark Materials: Lyra and the Birds, which appears with accompanying illustrations in the small hardcover book Lyra's Oxford, and Once Upon a Time in the North. He has worked on another, larger companion book to the series, The Book of Dust, for several years.

The London Royal National Theatre staged a major, two-part adaptation of the series in 2003-2004, and New Line Cinema released a film based on Northern Lights and titled The Golden Compass in 2007.

Contents 1 Series titles 2 Settings 3 Plot summaries 3.1 Northern Lights/The Golden Compass 3.2 The Subtle Knife 3.3 The Amber Spyglass 4 Related works by Philip Pullman 4.1 Lyra's Oxford 4.2 Once Upon a Time in the North 4.3 The Book of Dust 5 Character histories 6 Awards and recognition 7 Influences 8 Controversies 9 Adaptations 9.1 Radio 9.2 Theatre 9.3 Film 10 Terminology 11 Further reading 12 References 13 External links

[edit] Series titles

The title of the series, 'His Dark Materials', comes from Milton's Paradise Lost, Book 2:

Pullman earlier proposed to name the series The Golden Compasses.^[6] This term also appears in Paradise Lost, where it poetically refers to the "compasses" with which God shaped the world, an idea depicted in William Blake's painting The Ancient of Days. Due to confusion with the other common meaning of compass (the navigational instrument) this phrase in the singular became the title of the American edition of Northern Lights (the book prominently features a device that one might label a "golden compass").

[edit] Settings

The trilogy takes place across a multiverse, moving between many parallel worlds. In Northern Lights, the story takes place in a world with some similarities to our own; dress-style resembles that of our Victorian era, and technology has not evolved to include automobiles or fixed-wing aircraft; zeppelins feature as a notable mode of transport. (It appears that in this world the Protestant Reformation never took place — the text refers to John Calvin as a Pope — or possibly the Reformation succeeded so well that it overthrew the Catholic Church and installed a Protestant clerical hierarchy. The Church as portrayed by Pullman (often referred to as the "Magisterium") exerts a strong control over his fictional world.) In The Subtle Knife, the story moves between the world of the first novel, our own world and a world called Cittàgazze. In The Amber Spyglass it crosses through an array of diverse worlds.

One distinctive aspect of Pullman's story comes from his concept of "dæmons". In the birth-universe of the story's protagonist Lyra Belacqua, a human individual's soul manifests itself throughout life as an animal-shaped "dæmon" that always stays near its human counterpart. Witches and some humans have entered areas where dæmons cannot physically enter; after suffering horrific separation-trauma, their dæmons can then move as far away from their humans as desired.^[7] Dæmons will usually only talk to their own associated humans, but they can communicate with other humans and with other dæmons autonomously. During the childhood of its associated human, a dæmon can change its shape at will, but with the onset of adolescence it settles into a single form. The final form reveals the person's true nature and personality, implying that these stabilize after adolescence. Pullmanian society considers it "the grossest offence"^{[citation needed]} for another person to touch someone else's daemon — this would violate the most strict of taboos. Seeing a person without a daemon seems to them as a bad as seeing someone without a head, or some other crucial organ.^{[citation needed]}

Spectres, in some of the universes, prey upon the dæmons of adolescents and adults, consuming them and rendering said dæmons' humans essentially catatonic; they lose all thought and eventually fade away and die. Dæmons and their humans can also become separated through intercision, a process involving cutting the dæmon away from the human. This process can take place in a medical setting, as with the titanium and manganese guillotine used at Bolvangar, or as a form of torture used by the Skraelings. This separation entails a high mortality-rate and renders both human and dæmon little more than obedient zombies. Severing the link using the silver guillotine method releases tremendous amounts of unnamed energy, convertible to anbaric (electric) power.

The universe of Northern Lights has interesting technology; at first glance, it appears considerably behind that of our own world, but in many fields it equals or surpasses ours. For instance, it emerges that Lyra's world has the same knowledge of particle physics, referred to as "experimental theology", as we do. In The Amber Spyglass discussion takes place about an advanced inter-dimensional weapon which, when aimed using a sample of the target's DNA, can track the target to any universe and disrupt the very fabric of space-time to form a bottomless abyss into nothing, forcing the target to suffer a fate far worse than normal death. Other advanced devices include the Intention Craft, which carries (amongst other things) an extremely potent energy-weapon (though this craft, first seen and used outside Lyra's universe, may originate with engineers from other universes.)

[edit] Plot summaries

[edit] Northern Lights/The Golden Compass

Main article: Northern Lights (novel)

In Northern Lights (released in the United States and Canada as The Golden Compass), the heroine, Lyra Belacqua, a young girl brought up in the cloistered world of Jordan College, Oxford, and her dæmon, Pantalaimon, learn of the existence of Dust, a strange elementary particle believed by the Magisterium to provide evidence for Original Sin. Dust appears less attracted to the innocence of children, and this gives rise to grisly experiments being carried out on kidnapped children and their daemons in the distant North by scientists of the Magisterium. Lyra and Pantalaimon journey to save their best friend Roger Parslow and other kidnapped children from this peril, with the aid of the panserbjørne (armoured bear) Iorek Byrnison, John Faa and Farder Coram, leaders of the gyptians, the aeronaut Lee Scoresby, and the witch Serafina Pekkala. During the trip, Lyra discovers the identity of her parents: Lord Asriel (ostensibly her uncle, who placed her at Jordan College and who has a daemon in the shape of a snow leopard) and Mrs. Coulter (who has a golden lion tamarin daemon). Mrs. Coulter serves as a member of the General Oblation Board (called the "Gobblers") which runs the experiments; Lyra rapidly comes to fear and despise her mother. Lyra then succeeds in saving the children from the experiments and helps destroy the research station. She continues on to Svalbard, the home of the armoured bears, and aids her protector Iorek Byrnison in his return from exile. Iorek wins back his kingdom by killing the current king of the bears, and allows Lyra to continue on to find Lord Asriel, exiled to Svalbard at Mrs. Coulter's request. Lord Asriel had been researching how to open a bridge to another world. This requires a vast amount of energy, acquired by severing Roger from his daemon, killing Roger in the process. Lord Asriel, followed by Lyra and Pantalaimon, journey through the gate separately in search of the source of Dust. Lord Asriel claims to want to destroy Dust (and thus original sin); Lyra, recoiling in horror from her parents, decides that Dust must be a good thing and worth saving.

[edit] The Subtle Knife

Main article: The Subtle Knife

In The Subtle Knife, Lyra journeys through the Aurora to Cittàgazze, an otherworldly city whose denizens have discovered a clean path between worlds at a far earlier point in time than others in the storyline. Cittàgazze's reckless use of the technology has released soul-eating Spectres, rendering much of the world incapable of transit by post-adolescents. Here, Lyra meets Will Parry, a twelve-year-old boy from our world who has stumbled into Cittàgazze after recently killing a man to protect his ailing mother in an effort to locate his long-lost father. Will becomes the bearer of the eponymous Subtle Knife, a tool forged 300 years ago by Cittàgazze's scientists from the same materials as the silver guillotine. One edge of the knife can create portals between worlds and the other edge easily cuts through any form of matter. After meeting with witches from Lyra's world, they journey on. Will finds his father, who has been lost in Lyra's world under the assumed name of Stanislaus Grumman, only to watch him murdered almost immediately, and Lyra is kidnapped by her mother, Mrs. Coulter, an agent of the Magisterium who has learned of the prophecy that Lyra is to be the next Eve. Will is then instructed by a pair of angels, Balthamos and Baruch, that he must travel with them to give the Subtle Knife to Lyra's father, Lord Asriel, as a weapon against The Authority.

[edit] The Amber Spyglass

Main article: The Amber Spyglass

In The Amber Spyglass, Will ignores the angels and with the help of a local girl named Ama, the Bear King Iorek Byrnison, and Lord Asriel's Gallivespian spies, the Chevalier Tialys and the Lady Salmakia, rescues Lyra from the cave where her mother has hidden her from the Magisterium, which has become determined to kill her before she yields to temptation and sin like the original Eve. They journey to the Land of the Dead, temporarily parting with their dæmons to release the ghosts from their captivity imposed by the oppressive Authority. Mary Malone, a scientist of the world of Will, interested in Dust (or Dark Matter/Shadows, as she knows them), travels to a land populated by strange sentient creatures called Mulefa. There she learns of the true nature of Dust, existing as panpsychic particles of self-awareness. Lord Asriel and the reformed Mrs. Coulter team up to destroy The Authority's Regent Metatron, but perish in the attempt, taking Metatron down with them. The Authority himself dies of his own frailty when Will and Lyra free him from the crystal prison Metatron has trapped him in, able to do so because an attack by cliff-ghasts kills or drives away the prison's protectors. When Will and Lyra emerge from the land of the dead, they find their daemons (Serafina names Will's soul, now in a daemon form, "Kirjava"). After all of this, Lyra loses her ability to read the alethiometer, and the book ends with Will and Lyra falling in love but realising they cannot live together in the same world; because all windows must be closed to prevent the flow of Dust, and because they can each only live full lives in the world they are born into. During the return, Mary learns how to see her own daemon, who takes the form of a black Alpine chough.

[edit] Related works by Philip Pullman

[edit] Lyra's Oxford

Main article: Lyra's Oxford

The first of two short novels, Lyra's Oxford takes place two years after the timeline of The Amber Spyglass. A witch who seeks revenge for her son's death in the war against the Authority draws Lyra, now 15, into a trap. Birds mysteriously rescue her and Pan, and she makes the acquaintance of an alchemist, formerly the witch's lover.

[edit] Once Upon a Time in the North

Main article: Once Upon a Time in the North

This short novel serves as a prequel to His Dark Materials and focuses on the once 24-year-old Texan aeronaut Lee Scoresby. After winning his hot-air balloon, Scoresby heads to the North, landing on the Arctic island Novy Odense, where he finds himself pulled into a dangerous conflict between the oil-tycoon Larsen Manganese, the corrupt mayoral candidate Ivan Poliakov, and his longtime enemy of the Dakota Country, Pierre McConville. The story tells of Lee and Iorek's first meeting, and of how they overcame these enemies.

[edit] The Book of Dust

Main article: The Book of Dust

The in-the-works companion to the trilogy, The Book of Dust will not continue the story, but will offer several short stories with the same characters, world, etc. The book will touch on research into Dust as well as on the portrayal of religion in His Dark Materials. Pullman has not yet finished writing this work.

[edit] Character histories

See Characters of His Dark Materials

• Lyra Belacqua, a wild, tomboyish 12-year-old girl, has grown up in the fictional Jordan College, Oxford. She prides herself on her capacity for mischief, especially her ability to lie with "bare-faced conviction". Because of this ability, she was given the surname Silvertongue by Iorek Byrnison. Her constant companion is her dæmon Pantalaimon, a shapeshifting incarnation of a part of her soul that all characters from her world have.

• Will Parry, a sensible, morally conscious, highly assertive 12-year-old boy from our world, serves as the bearer of the Subtle Knife. He is very independent and responsible for his age, having looked after his mentally unstable mother for many years. He is strong for his age, and knows how to remain inconspicuous. At the end of his adventures he discovers the name and form of his dæmon, Kirjava, a cat.

• Lord Asriel, ostensibly Lyra's uncle, later emerges as her father. He opens a rift between the worlds in his pursuit of Dust. His dream of establishing a Republic of Heaven to rival The Authority's Kingdom leads him to use his considerable power and force of will to raise a grand army from across the multiverse to rise up in rebellion. Stelmaria the snow leopard is his dæmon.

• Marisa Coulter, the coldly beautiful, highly manipulative mother of Lyra and former lover of Lord Asriel, serves the Church in kidnapping children for research into the nature of Dust. She has black hair, a thin build, and looks younger than she is. She later captures Lyra and hides her away, perhaps seeking to protect her. Later in the story, Mrs. Coulter switches sides regularly between the Authority and Lord Asriel's Republic. Her maternal instincts finally win out in the end, as she uses her duplicitous core to deceive the Regent Metatron, working together with her former lover to pull him down into the abyss. Her dæmon (named Ozymandias in the BBC Radio adaptations but never named in the books), is a golden monkey with a cruel, abusive streak. Though he often communicates with Mrs. Coulter, he is rarely heard to speak.

• Mary Malone, a physicist and former nun from the same world as Will, finds her studies of Dust (referred to as Shadows, shadow particles or dark matter in her world) draw her into Lyra's adventures. She lives for a time amongst the mulefa, and constructs the Amber Spyglass in an effort to discern why Dust appears to be leaving the universe. Mary relates a story of a lost love to Will and Lyra, playing the serpent to the children's Adam and Eve and serving as the catalyst for their coming-of-age and the halting of Dust's exodus. With effort, Mary discovers that she too has a dæmon, unnamed, which takes the shape of an Alpine chough.

• Metatron, a human being of biblical times, Enoch, transfigured into an angel. After the rebellion of the "fallen angels" he took the regency of the throne of the Authority, implanting the monotheistic religions across the universes and so affirming his power and rule. Though an angel, he still feels human feelings, and so becomes vulnerable to the temptation of Marisa Coulter.

• Iorek Byrnison, a massive armoured bear, regains his armour, his dignity, and his kingship over the Panserbjørne with Lyra's help. In gratitude, and impressed by her cunning, he dubs her "Lyra Silvertongue". A powerful warrior and armoursmith, Iorek repairs the Subtle Knife when it shatters and goes to war against The Authority when it threatens Lyra and Will. As a bear (as opposed to a human), he has no dæmon; instead, his armour, which he himself shapes, constitutes his soul.

• John Faa and Farder Coram lead the community of river gyptians. When the Church kidnaps the gyptians' children to serve in experiments in the frozen outpost of Bolvangar, John Faa and Farder Coram mount a rescue-expedition, bringing Lyra along. (Outside Pullman-land, several historical Gypsies have borne the name "John Faa", and a "John Faa" also appears as a romantic hero in a ballad about Gypsies.)

• Lee Scoresby, a rangy Texan aeronaut, pilots a balloon for Lyra and the gyptians in their expedition North; he is also a friend of Iorek Byrnison, and comes to aid Lyra in a number of her battles. His loyal dæmon Hester takes the form of a hare. He dies while fending off soldiers of the Muscovey Empire in an effort to save Stanislaus Grumman.

• Stanislaus Grumman (also known as John Parry, or Jopari [Tartar pronunciation]), Will Parry's explorer father, once served as an officer in the Royal Marines. As an expedition-guide he leaves his/Will's world by accident during a blizzard in the Brooks Range, Alaska (see the Alaska letters sent to his wife [1985] in The Subtle Knife). He traverses by one of the many trans-dimensional windows which leads to Lyra's World. Arriving there, he uses the name Stanislaus Grumman, earns a doctorate, and explores the northern lands, unsuccessfully trying to find the entry/exit window he came through. The indigenous Tartars, believing him a shaman, initiate him into their tribe. During the initiation he receives a small ceremonial hole in the top of his skull. His inherited daemon, a female osprey named Sayan Kötör, disappears when he dies. Lee Scoresby gives his life to save Grumman, and eventually he meets up with his son, but a vengeful witch whose love he once spurned shoots him down. (Grumman's pseudonym may allude to Stanislaw Ulam, the renowned nuclear physicist.)

• Serafina Pekkala reigns as the beautiful queen of a clan of Northern witches. Her snow-goose dæmon Kaisa, as with all witch-dæmons, can travel much farther apart from her than the dæmons of humans. Serafina Pekkala comes to the aid of Lyra and her friends on a number of occasions. Though several hundred years old when Lyra encounters her, as a non-human she will live many hundreds more.

• Roger Parslow, a young boy, becomes Lyra's best friend and loyal compatriot at Jordan College. His death at the hands of Lord Asriel tears open a bridge between the worlds, through which Lyra and Asriel travel in a search for the origins of Dust. Guilt-stricken over Roger's death, Lyra determines to travel through the Land of Dead to apologize and release him; in doing so, she and Will succeed in liberating the lost souls of the dead, allowing their essence to merge with the particles of Dust that permeate the universe. His dæmon was Salcilia, who frequently took the form of a terrier.

• The Authority, the first angel to have emerged from Dust, though not God the Creator (a figure completely absent from the trilogy, given that all the angels come about by chance, in a casual aggregation of cosmic dust), poses as such to subsequently-formed angels. At the time of the trilogy, the Authority appears quite weak, having given most of his power to his regent, Metatron, and having spent most of his existence in retirement to "comprehend deeper mysteries". Pullman portrays him as extremely aged, fragile, kind, and naїve; unlike his bitter and thoroughly malicious underling. He eventually dies on exposure to a gust of wind, his weak form unable to resist it, but appears to find death a release.

[edit] Awards and recognition

The Amber Spyglass won the 2001 Whitbread Book of the Year award, a prestigious British literary award. This is the first time that such an award has been bestowed on a book from their "children's literature" category.

The first volume, Northern Lights, won the Carnegie Medal for children's fiction in the UK in 1995.^[8] In 2007 the judges of the CILIP Carnegie Medal for children's literature selected it as one of the ten most important children's novels of the previous 70 years. In June 2007 it was voted, in an online poll, as the best Carnegie Medal winner in the seventy-year history of the award, the Carnegie of Carnegies^[9][10]

The Observer cites Northern Lights as one of the 100 best novels.^[11]

On May 19, 2005, Pullman attended the British Library in London to receive formal congratulations for his work from culture secretary Tessa Jowell "on behalf of the government"

On 25 May 2005 Pullman received the Swedish government's Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award for children's and youth literature (sharing it with Japanese illustrator Ryôji Arai).^[12] Swedes regard this prize as second only to the Nobel Prize in Literature; it has a value of 5 million Swedish Kronor or approximately £385,000.

The trilogy came third in the 2003 BBC's Big Read, a national poll of viewers' favourite books, after The Lord of the Rings and Pride and Prejudice (the only entries in the "top ten" written before 1978). At the time, only His Dark Materials and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire amongst the top five works lacked a screen-adaptation (the film version of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, which came fifth, went into release in 2005).

[edit] Influences

Pullman has identified three major literary influences on His Dark Materials: the essay On the Marionette Theatre by Heinrich von Kleist (online at southerncrossreview.org), the works of William Blake, and, most important, John Milton's Paradise Lost, from which the trilogy derives its title.^[13]

Pullman had the stated intention of inverting Milton's story of a war between heaven and hell, such that the devil would appear as the hero.^[14] In his introduction, he adapts a famous description of Milton by Blake to quip that he (Pullman) "is of the Devil's party and does know it." Pullman also referred to gnostic ideas in his description of the novels' underlying mythic structure.^[15].

The Chronicles of Narnia, a series of books by C. S. Lewis, appears to have had a negative influence on Pullman's trilogy. Pullman has characterised C. S. Lewis's series as "blatantly racist", "monumentally disparaging of women", "immoral", and "evil".^[16][17]

Critics have compared the trilogy with such fantasy books as A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle^[18] as well as the Narnia series.^[19]

[edit] Controversies

His Dark Materials has occasioned some controversy, primarily amongst some Christian groups.^[20][21]

Pullman has expressed surprise over what he perceives as a low level of criticism for His Dark Materials on religious grounds, saying "I've been surprised by how little criticism I've got. Harry Potter's been taking all the flak… Meanwhile, I've been flying under the radar, saying things that are far more subversive than anything poor old Harry has said. My books are about killing God."^[22]

Some of the characters criticize institutional religion. For example, Ruta Skadi, a witch and friend of Lyra's calling for war against the Magisterium in Lyra's world, says that "For all of [the Church's] history… it's tried to suppress and control every natural impulse. And when it can't control them, it cuts them out." (see intercision). Skadi later extends her criticism to all organized religion: "That's what the Church does, and every church is the same: control, destroy, obliterate every good feeling." (By this part of the book, the witches have made reference to how they are treated criminally by the church in their worlds.) Mary Malone, one of Pullman's main characters, states that "the Christian religion… is a very powerful and convincing mistake, that's all." (Formerly a Catholic nun, she gave up her vows when the experience of falling in love caused her to doubt her faith.) Pullman has warned, however, against equating these views with his own, saying of Malone: "Mary is a character in a book. Mary's not me. It's a story, not a treatise, not a sermon or a work of philosophy."^[23]

Pullman portrays life after death very differently from the Christian concept of heaven. In the third book, the afterlife plays out in a bleak place where harpies torment people until Lyra and Will descend into the land of the dead. At their intercession, the harpies agree to stop tormenting the dead souls, and instead receive the true stories of the dead in exchange for leading them again to the upper world. When the dead souls emerge, they dissolve as they become one with the universe.

Pullman's "Authority", though worshipped on Lyra's earth as God, emerges as the first creature to evolve. Pullman makes it explicit that the Authority did not create worlds, and his trilogy does not speculate on who or what might have created worlds. Members of the Church are typically displayed as zealots.^[24][25]

Cynthia Grenier, in the Catholic Culture, has said: "In the world of Pullman, God Himself (the Authority) is a merciless tyrant,^[26] His Church is an instrument of oppression, and true heroism consists of overthrowing both."^[27] William A. Donohue of the Catholic League has described Pullman's trilogy as "atheism for kids".^[28] Pullman has said of Donohue's call for a boycott, "Why don't we trust readers? …Oh, it causes me to shake my head with sorrow that such nitwits could be loose in the world."^[29]

Pullman has, however, found support from some other Christians, most notably from Rowan Williams, the Archbishop of Canterbury (head of the Anglican church), who argues that Pullman's attacks focus on the constraints and dangers of dogmatism and the use of religion to oppress, not on Christianity itself.^[30] Williams has also recommended the His Dark Materials series of books for inclusion and discussion in Religious Education classes, and stated that "To see large school-parties in the audience of the Pullman plays at the National Theatre is vastly encouraging."^[31]

Pullman has singled out certain elements of Christianity for criticism, as in the following: "I suppose technically, you'd have to put me down as an agnostic. But if there is a God, and he is as the Christians describe him, then he deserves to be put down and rebelled against."^[32] However, Pullman has also said in interviews and appearances that his argument can extend to all religions.^[33][34]

[edit] Adaptations

His Dark Materials has appeared in adaptation on radio, in theatre and on film.

[edit] Radio

The BBC made His Dark Materials into a radio drama on BBC Radio 4 starring Terence Stamp as Lord Asriel and Lulu Popplewell as Lyra. The play was broadcast in 2003 and is now published by the BBC on CD and cassette. In the same year, a radio drama of Northern Lights was made by RTÉ (Irish public radio).

[edit] Theatre

Main article: His Dark Materials (play)

Nicholas Hytner directed a theatrical version of the books as a two-part, six-hour performance for London's Royal National Theatre in December 2003, running until March 2004. It starred Anna Maxwell-Martin as Lyra, Dominic Cooper as Will, Timothy Dalton as Lord Asriel and Patricia Hodge as Mrs Coulter with dæmon puppets designed by Michael Curry. The play was enormously successful and was revived (with a different cast and a revised script) for a second run between November 2004 and April 2005. It has since been staged by several less known theatres in the UK, notably at the Playbox Theatre in Warwick (a major youth theatre company in the West Midlands). The play had its Irish Premiere at the O'Reilly Theatre in Dublin when it was staged by the dramatic society of Belvedere College.

[edit] Film

Main article: The Golden Compass (film)

New Line Cinema released a film adaptation, titled The Golden Compass, on December 7, 2007. Directed by Chris Weitz, the production obscures^{[citation needed]} the explicitly religious character of The Authority so as to avoid offending some viewers^{[citation needed]}. "Whereas The Golden Compass had to be introduced to the public carefully", Weitz said, "the religious themes in the second and third books can't be minimized without destroying the spirit of these books. …I will not be involved with any 'watering down' of books two and three, since what I have been working towards the whole time in the first film is to be able to deliver on the second and third films."^[35] Pullman since stated that "all the important scenes are there and will have their full value."

The Golden Compass film stars Dakota Blue Richards as Lyra, Nicole Kidman as Mrs. Coulter and Daniel Craig as Lord Asriel. Plans envisage Eva Green playing Serafina Pekkala throughout the trilogy^{[citation needed]}. Ian McKellen voices Iorek Byrnison, and Freddie Highmore voices Pantalaimon. The film has had a mixed reception.^[36]

[edit] Terminology

Main article: His Dark Materials terminology

[edit] Further reading

• Frost, Laurie et al. (2006). The Elements of His Dark Materials: A Guide to Phillip Pullman's trilogy. Fell Press. ISBN 0-9759430-1-4. OCLC 73312820. 
• Gribbin, John and Mary (2005). The Science of Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials. Knopf Books for Young Readers. ISBN 0-375-83144-4. 
• Lenz, Millicent and Carole Scott (2005). His Dark Materials Illuminated: Critical Essays on Phillip Pullman's Trilogy. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3207-2. 
• Raymond-Pickard, Hugh (2004). The Devil's Account: Philip Pullman and Christianity. Darton, Longman & Todd. ISBN 978-0232525632. 
• Squires, Claire (2003). Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials Trilogy: A Reader's Guide. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-1479-6. 
• Squires, Claire (2006). Philip Pullman, Master Storyteller — A Guide to the Worlds of His Dark Materials. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-1716-9. OCLC 70158423. 
• Tucker, Nicholas (2003). Darkness Visible: Inside the World of Philip Pullman. Wizard Books. ISBN 978-1840464825. OCLC 52876221. 
• Wheat, Leonard F. (2008). Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials — A Multiple Allegory: Attacking Religious Superstition in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and Paradise Lost. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1591025894. OCLC 152580912. 
• Yeffeth, Glenn (2005). Navigating the Golden Compass: Religion, Science and Daemonology in His Dark Materials. Benbella Books. ISBN 1-932100-52-0. 

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Philip Pullman, author's website
• BridgetotheStars.net, a His Dark Materials fansite
• Cittagazze.com, the His Dark Materials, a French fansite
• Scholastic: His Dark Materials, the UK publisher's website
• Randomhouse: His Dark Materials, the U.S. publisher's website
• The BBC's His Dark Materials pages
• The Archbishop of Canterbury and Philip Pullman in conversation, from "The Daily Telegraph"

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v • d • e Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials Characters · Dæmons · Locations · Races · Terminology Works Northern Lights (film) (game) · The Subtle Knife · The Amber Spyglass · Lyra's Oxford · Once Upon a Time in the North · The Book of Dust Characters Lyra Belacqua · Will Parry · Lord Asriel · Marisa Coulter Other Dust · Intercision · Objects · Republic of Heaven