Hilbert-Huang transform
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The Hilbert-Huang Transform is a way to decompose a signal into so-called intrinsic mode functions (IMF), and obtain instantaneous frequency data. It is designed to work well for data that are nonstationary and nonlinear. In contrast to other common transforms like the Fourier Transform, the HHT is more like an algorithm that can be applied to a data set, rather than a theoretical tool.
[edit] References
Huang, et al. "The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis." Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A (1998) 454, 903–995 (Link)