Highlander Research and Education Center
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The Highlander Research and Education Center, formerly known as the Highlander Folk School, is a leadership training school and cultural center located in New Market, Tennessee. Founded in 1932 by activist Myles Horton, educator Don West, and Methodist minister James A. Dombrowski, it was originally located in the town of Monteagle, in Grundy County, Tennessee. It was featured in the 1985 documentary film You Got to Move.
Highlander has provided training and education for the labor movement in Appalachia and throughout the Southern United States. During the 1950s, it played a critical role in the American civil rights movement. It trained civil rights leader Rosa Parks prior to her historic role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The resulting backlash led to the school's closure by the state of Tennessee in 1961. It reorganized and moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, where it reopened as the Highlander Research and Education Center.
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[edit] History
When Highlander was founded in 1932, the United States was in the midst of the Great Depression. Workers in all parts of the country were met with major resistance by employers when they tried to organize labor unions, especially in the South. Against that backdrop, Horton, West and Dombrowski created the Highlander School "to provide an educational center in the South for the training of rural and industrial leaders, and for the conservation and enrichment of the indigenous cultural values of the mountains." During the 1930s and 1940s, the school's main focus was labor education and the training of labor organizers.
[edit] Civil rights
In the 1950s, Highlander turned its energies to the rising issues of civil rights and desegregation. A key figure during this period was John Beauchamp Thompson, a minister and educator who became one of the principal fund-raisers and speakers for the school. He worked alongside Ralph David Abernathy and Martin Luther King, Jr.. Highlander worked with Esau Jenkins of Johns Island to develop a literacy program for blacks prevented from registering to vote by literacy requirements. The program was replicated throughout the South under the name Citizenship Schools. Later the program was adopted by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Notably, the civil rights anthem "We Shall Overcome" was adapted (from an old gospel song) by Zilphia Horton, folksinger Pete Seeger, and Guy Carawan and others at Highlander.
[edit] Backlash
In reaction to the effective work done by the school, during the late 1950s Southern newspapers attacked Highlander for supposedly creating racial strife. In 1957, the Georgia Commission on Education published a pamphlet entitled, "Highlander Folk School: Communist Training School in Monteagle, Tennessee". Finally, in 1961, the state of Tennessee revoked Highlander's charter and confiscated its land and property. Later that year, the Highlander staff reincorporated as the Highlander Research and Education Center and moved to Knoxville, where it stayed until 1971. Then it relocated to its current location in New Market, Tennessee.
[edit] Appalachian issues
In the 1960s and 1970s, Highlander began to focus on worker health and safety in the coalfields of Appalachia. Its leaders played a role in the emergence of the region's environmental justice movement. It helped start the Southern Appalachian Leadership Training (SALT) program, and coordinated a survey of land ownership in Appalachia. In the 1980s and 1990s, Highlander broadened from that base into broader regional, national, and international environmentalism; struggles against the negative effects of globalization; grassroots leadership development in under-resourced communities; and beginning in the 1990s, an involvement in LGBT issues, both in the U.S. and internationally.
[edit] Since 2000
Current focuses of Highlander include issues of democratic participation and economic justice, with a particular focus on youth immigrants to the U.S. from Latin America, African Americans, and poor white people.
[edit] Directors
The directors of Highlander have been:
- Myles Horton, 1932-1973
- Mike Clark, 1973-1984
- Hubert E. Sapp, 1984-1993
- John Gaventa, 1993-1996
- Jim Sessions, 1996-1999
- Suzanne Pharr, 1999-2003
- Mónica Hernández and Tami Newman, interim co-directors 2004-2005
- Pam McMichael, interim director, 2005; director 2006-
[edit] References
- John M. Glen, Highlander: No Ordinary School. University of Tennessee Press: 1996. ISBN 0-87049-928-9
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Highlander Folk School files obtained under the Freedom of Information Act
- Frank Adams, with Myles Horton, Unearthing Seeds of Fire: The Idea of Highlander. John F. Blair: 1975. ISBN 0-89587-019-3
- Jeff Biggers, "The United States of Appalachia: How Southern Mountaineers Brought Independence, Culture and Enlightenment to America". Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker and Hoard. ISBN ISBN-10: 1593761511 ISBN-13: 978-1593761516
- Peter B. Gemma, ed., Shots Fired: Sam Francis on America's Culture War (Vienna, Virginia: Fitzgerald Griffin Foundation Books, 2006), pp. 162-164
- Myles Horton, with Herbert and Judith Kohl, The Long Haul. Teachers College Press: 1997. ISBN 0-8077-3700-3
- Myles Horton and Paulo Friere, We Make the Road by Walking. Temple University Press: 1990. ISBN 0-87722-775-6
- History - 1930-1953: Beginnings & The Labor Years, http://www.hrec.org/a-history.asp
- TnEncyc: Highlander Folk School
- TnEncy: Highlander Research and Education Center
- Pam McMichael, "Dear Friend of Highlander", Highlander Reports, April 2005, (PDF)
- Eliot Wigginton, ed., Refuse to Stand Silently By: An Oral History of Grass Roots Social Activism in America, 1921-1964. Doubleday, 1991. ISBN 0-385-17572-8
[edit] External links
- Highlander Center official web site
- The Highlander archive at the Wisconsin Historical Society - Over 350,000 documents and 1800 audio recordings from the Highlander Folk School
- "Integrated in All Respects": Ed Friend's Highlander Folk School Film and the Politics of Segregation in the Digital Library of Georgia
- Myles F. Horton, Tennessee's "Radical Hillbilly": The Highlander Folk School and Education for Social Change in America, the South, and the Volunteer State By James B. Jones, Jr. Southern History Net website.
- [1] = Martin Luther King Jr., and the "Communist Training School" Controversy (using first-time-released FBI files and documents)
