Higher education in Saskatchewan

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Historically, Saskatchewan's higher education system has been "significantly shaped" by demographics [1] In 1901, six years prior to the 1907 founding of a university in Saskatchewan, the urban population in Saskatchewan was 14,266 (16%) while the rural population was 77,013 (84%). One hundred years later, the proportions had changed significantly: urban population in 2001 was 629,036 (64%) while the rural population was 349,897 (36%).[2] Over time the province's higher education system has changed significantly in response both to this demographic shift and to provincial politics.

Contents

[edit] Saskatchewan Higher Education: Quick Facts

  • May 21, 2008: Provincial government launches a $12 million Graduate Retention Program to provide rebates of up to $20,000 for post-secondary graduates from Saskatchewan who stay in the province for seven years after graduation[3]
  • 91.4% of post-secondary graduates were “satisfied” or “very satisfied” with the overall quality of their educational experience, as reported in the 2004-2005 Graduate Outcomes review.[4]
  • Saskatchewan had the highest per-FTE post-secondary funding of any province in 2004-05.[5]
  • The Ministry of Advanced Education, Employment and Labour’s total budget for 2008-09 is $761 million.[6]

[edit] History

Saskatchewan became a province on September 1, 1905.[7] In 1907, the University Act created the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon [8]. The Methodist Church established Regina College in 1911; fifteen Bible colleges were also established in Saskatchewan between 1928 and 1945. In 1944, following the election of Tommy Douglas and the CCF party, Teachers' colleges were moved into the University, and Regina College became a second campus of the University.[9]

In 1958, the Moose Jaw Normal School was converted into the Saskatchewan Technical Institute.[10] The Central Saskatchewan Technical Institute opened in Saskatchewan in 1963, followed by the Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Arts and Science in 1972.[11] During this period, in 1964, the Liberals returned to power in Saskatchewan; between 1964 and 1961 they oversaw a program of "expansion and centralization of higher education".[12] In 1972 the NDP (formerly the CCF) were re-elected, and in 1973 the community colleges act was passed. By 1981, there were sixteen regional colleges.[13]

In 1974, the University of Regina became independent.[14]

In 1976 the Saskatchewan Indian Institution of Technologies (SIIT) was established in academic partnership with the Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology (SIAST).[15] In 1980 the Métis Nation of Saskatchewan created the Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies.[16] Over the next several years Aboriginal-controlled Institutions would expand to include the First Nations University of Canada, the Dumont Technical Institute, the Northern Teacher Education Program, and the Northern Professional Access College (NORTEP/NORPAC).

In 1982 the Progressive Conservative Party returned to power, abolishing the Universities Commission (established in 1974 by the NDP to coordinate the two Saskatchewan Universities) and establishing the Advanced Technology Training Centre in 1984. [17] In January 1988, The Institute Act and the Regional Colleges Act amalgamated Saskatchewan's technical institutes, urban community colleges and the Advanced Technology Training Centre to form the Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology [18]

In response to the needs of rural residents, a Distance Education Program Review Committee was created in 1987[19] by 1989 the Saskatchewan Communications Network had been created to deliver "cultural, informational and educational programming and [act] as an enabler for the regional film and television industry".[20] Distance education was further expanded with the 2002 creation of Campus Saskatchewan in response to "identified common interests in expanding the use of technology enhanced learning".[21]


From 1992 - 2007, the NDP were again in power in Saskatchewan. Their major policy paper on post-secondary education, Post-Secondary Education Accessibility and Affordability Review,(generally known as the McCall Report was published October 9, 2007.[22] Less than a month later, the NDP were defeated by the Saskatchewan Party.[23] The new Minister, the Honourable Rob Norris, has the following mandate, according to the SAEE website:

[The Ministry of Advanced Education, Employment, and Labour] focuses on three strategic areas to meet its mandate of creating a vital, educated and skilled workforce that meets the labour demands of Saskatchewan employers. The approach is to retain educated and skilled workers in the province, develop a skilled workforce by providing education and training programs, and attract educated and skilled workers and their families from outside of the province and the country by promoting Saskatchewan’s opportunities.[24]

Among the first of the new government’s actions was to introduce the $12 million Graduate Retention Program intended to address the mandated goal of retaining “educated and skilled workers” in Saskatchewan. It remains to be seen which, if any, of the recommendations of the McCall report will be implemented by the new government.

[edit] Equity and access

[edit] First Nations and Métis students

Even a cursory reading of Saskatchewan’s post-secondary education history reveals the number and variety of institutions and programs specifically for Aboriginal students. According to Bouvier and Karlenzig,

Compared to other provinces, a relatively high proportion of Saskatchewan’s population is Aboriginal (13.5% according to the 2001 census). This proportion is growing, although recently the trend has been slowing down somewhat (Saskatchewan Learning, 2004b: 6-7). In addition the median age (20.1 years) of Aboriginal persons in Saskatchewan is younger than in any other province. Approximately 20% of the province’s school-aged population is Aboriginal (Saskatchewan Learning, 2004b: 109). While a high proportion (82%) of First nations students living on-reserve attend First nations schools, most First Nations students living off-reserve as well as Métis students in Saskatchewan are enrolled in the provincial system.[25]

While the interim version of the Post-Secondary Education Accessibility and Affordability Review points out that Saskatchewan was spending “$572 per capita” on post-secondary education,[26] Banks (2007) argues that "[i]f the province were to fund post-secondary education institutions on a per capita basis, then First Nations and Métis institutions, who serve 13.5% of the population should receive approximately $75 million per annum. Instead they receive in the neighbourhood of $7 million per annum from the province."[27]

While some of this discrepancy is addressed in the 2008-09 Budget (see Finance, below), it remains to be seen how well Saskatchewan’s new government will do in terms of increasing access to post-secondary for First Nations and Métis students.

[edit] Rural students

For students outside urban centres, Saskatchewan offers online education through Campus Saskatchewan. According to their website,Campus Saskatchewan is a partnership, directed and managed by its members, to support them in developing and advancing inter-institutional initiatives to achieve shared goals and priorities for the use of technology enhanced learning.

That is, online and distance education in Saskatchewan is, at least in part, coordinated by Campus Saskatchewan.

To enhance student mobility, the Saskatchewan Council for Admissions and Transfer (SaskCAT)offers an online transfer credit guide. According to the SaskCAT website, "SaskCAT is a partnership of institutions and organizations from Saskatchewan's education system. It is committed to enhancing student mobility by maximizing the portability of educational credits and facilitating access to post-secondary programs and institutions. SaskCAT operates as a committee of Campus Saskatchewan." [28]

[edit] Structure

The higher education system in Saskatchewan includes two universities, the University of Saskatchewan (in Saskatoon) and the University of Regina and their federated and affiliated colleges; the three campuses of the First Nations University of Canada; the four campuses of the Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology (SIAST); the eight regional colleges; private vocational schools or training institutions; and Aboriginal-run institutions and programs (including the Gabriel Dumont Institute and the Indian Institute of Technologies).[29]

The four federated colleges--Campion College, Luther College, St. Thomas More College and the First Nations University of Canada—are each academically integrated with a university, and each offers undergraduate degree programs and pre-professional studies.[30]

Affiliated colleges are similar to federated colleges but are not academically merged with a university. These institutions—St. Peter’s College, Briercrest College and Seminary, the College of Emmanuel and St. Chad , Horizon College and Seminary the Lutheran Theological Seminary, and Andrew’s College-- offer courses to fill the first and second year Arts and Science requirements for students’ chosen degree programs or to meet the entrance requirements for one of the professional colleges. Most of the Affiliated Colleges are theological colleges.[31]

The Gabriel Dumont Institute and the Teachers’ Education Program also have partnerships with the universities that allow them to offer accredited courses to Aboriginal students and students in the north of the province.[32]

Saskatchewan’s eight regional collegesallow students from rural Saskatchewan to access post-secondary education and training from the University of Saskatchewan the University of Regina and SIAST. Students are also able to access televised and other materials through the Saskatchewan Communications Network (SCN).[33] Some of the regional colleges offer university-transfer programs while others are primarily focused on adult basic education and trades/ technical training.[34]

[edit] Governance

The post-secondary sector in Saskatchewan includes public institutions, Aboriginal-controlled institutions and programming, private vocational schools, apprenticeship programs, and Campus Saskachewan.

[edit] Public Institutions and Aboriginal-controlled Institutions and Programming

The University of Regina and the University of Saskatchewan were established by provincial statute and are regulated by their respective acts: The University of Regina Act and the University of Saskatchewan Act.[35]

The Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology (SIAST) was established through The Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology Act, 1986 (amended 1996).[36] The Dumont Technical Institute is federated with SIAST and is the adult upgrading and technical training arm of the Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research , created and operated by the Métis Nation of Saskatchewan.[37]

The Regional Colleges Act created the regional colleges to provide adult basic education and skills training to people in areas of the province without easy access to post-secondary education.[38]

The First Nations University of Canada is technically a federated college (its degrees are conferred by the University of Regina); “it is the only First Nations-controlled post-secondary institution in Canada that operates in partnership with a university”.[39] According to their website,

the Saskatchewan Indian Federated College Act of the Legislative Assembly of the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations (FSIN) established the Saskatchewan Indian Federated College (SIFC) (now the First Nations University of Canada) as an institution that is administratively and financially autonomous, but academically integrated with the University of Regina. The SIFC Act specifies the composition and responsibilities of the board of governors. Two members of the board are appointed directly by the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations (FSIN). Other members are appointed by the senate, Agency/Tribal Councils of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan universities, Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Saskatchewan Learning, First Nations University of Canada faculty and the First Nations University of Canada Students' Association (First Nations University of Canada.[40]

In November, 2005, the All-Chiefs’ Task Force on the Future of the First Nations University of Canada released a report outlining their findings and recommendations following a forensic audit of the First Nations University of Canada. The report identifies “institutional governance [as] the most important of its recommendations.”[41]. The 2007 FNUC Board of Governors has 27 members, including Chiefs, Grand Chiefs, students, and both federal and provincial representatives About our board of governors. Retrieved May 27, 2008 from http://www.firstnationsuniversity.ca/default.aspx?page=77</ref> As recently as May 6, 2008, the Canadian Association of University Teachers (CAUT) was contemplating censuring FNUC (or “FNUniv” as CAUT and others call the institution) “unless the university agrees to remedy gross violations of basic university governance principles, address concerns about academic freedom and respect collective agreements it has negotiated”.[42]

The Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies(SIIT) is administered under The Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies Act, 2000. It is governed by a board composed of senators, Saskatchewan Tribal Council appointees, and a Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations executive member.[43]

The Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research (GDI)is the educational institution created and operated by the Métis Nation of Saskatchewan. It is “the only wholly Métis owned and controlled education institution of its kind in Canada” according to the Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials.[44]

The Northern Teacher Education Program (NORTEP) is accredited by the University of Saskatchewan, the University of Regina, and the First Nations University of Canada.[45] The Saskatchewan Urban Native Teacher Education Program (SUNTEP) “is a four-year, fully accredited Bachelor of Education program, offered by the Gabriel Dumont Institute in cooperation with Saskatchewan Learning, the University of Regina and the University of Saskatchewan. The program is offered in three urban centres--Prince Albert, Saskatoon, and Regina”.[46]

[edit] Private Vocational Schools

Private Vocational Schools are regulated by the Saskatchewan Advanced Education and Employment, Training Institutions Branch under the authority of the Private Vocational Schools Regulation Act, 1995 and the Private Vocational Schools Regulations, 1995.[47] According to the Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials:

The legislation requires that institutions, programs, and instructors be registered with the ministry. The ministry does not directly evaluate private vocational school programs for quality. However, registration and monitoring of program, curricula, including a review of labour market research to support new programs, has an impact on quality. The Canadian Education and Training Accreditation Commission (CETAC) is a national association that accredits Canadian private vocational schools at the institutional level. Accreditation is voluntary.[48]

[edit] Apprenticeship programs

The Saskatchewan Apprenticeship and Trade Certification Commission (SATCC) oversees apprenticeship programs in Saskatchewan. According to their website,

Saskatchewan's Apprenticeship and Trade Certification Act 1999 establishes the Commission as a Corporation and Agent of the Crown. A Board of twenty or fewer members are appointed by the Provincial Government. The majority of the members of the Board are selected by industry, equally representing employers and employees. The Commission Board also has representation from SIAST, the Provincial Government and equity groups. The Commission reports to a Minister of the Provincial Government who is responsible for the administration of the Act, usually the Minister of Advanced Education and Employment. The Apprenticeship and Trade Certification Act 1999 authorizes the Commission to manage the Apprenticeship and Trade Certification system.[49]

[edit] Campus Saskatchewan

As a partnership of provincial post-secondary institutions and the government, Campus Saskatchewan was established in 2002 “to use technology-based learning to increase access to post-secondary studies in the province”.[50] Partners in Campus Saskatchewan are the following: Gabriel Dumont Institute/Dumont Technical Institute, First Nations University of Canada, Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies (SIIT), Saskatchewan Advanced Education and Employment (ex officio), Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology (SIAST), Saskatchewan Regional Colleges, University of Regina, and University of Saskatchewan.[51]

[edit] Funding

According to the 2008-09 Budget, the Saskatchewan Ministry of Advanced Education, Employment, and Labour has a total budget of $761 million. Spending plans include the following:

  • $12 million for the new Graduate Retention Program, which will provide tuition rebates of up to $20,000 for post-secondary graduates from Saskatchewan who stay in the province for seven years after graduation.
  • $10.5 million to fund a 120 seat expansion for nursing education.
  • $3.2 million to train more doctors, by expanding medical student training to 100 and residency training to 120 by 2010-11.
  • $0.9 million to SIAST for 12 medical diagnostic technician seats and 42 new trades training seats.
  • $4.1 million for Regional Colleges, including support for a 200 seat expansion of on-reserve Adult Basic Education.
  • $33 million to enhance affordability for post-secondary learners, including supporting the tuition freeze for university students for a final year, and additional funding for SIAST.
  • $5 million for community-based organizations, including immigrant training programs.
  • $1 million to the Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies (SIIT) for on-reserve adult basic education and skills training.
  • $45.8 million for post-secondary institution capital, including $6.8 million for health professional training capital.
  • $2.2 million increase for the International Vaccine Centre.
  • $2.4 million for settlement and training supports for new immigrants, and to quicken processing time for potential immigrants to Saskatchewan.[52]

According to CAUT, over the period 1993-1994 to 2004-2005, only British Columbia (2%) and Saskatchewan (24%) increased provincial funding to post-secondary education. In 2005, tuition represented 29% of University Operating Revenue in Saskatchewan, with 60.6% of operating revenue coming from (presumably both provincial and federal) government.[53]

Budget breakdown[54]

According to the 2008-09 Budget estimates for the Ministry of Advanced Education, Employment and Labour, the following amounts are estimated in the 2008-09 fiscal year. (Note: a partial breakdown is provided for student support services and post-secondary education:

Recipient Estimated expense ($CDN)
Student support services (total budget) 55,984,000
* Sask. Student aid fund 6,749,000
* Provincial training allowance 28,889,000
* Skills training benefit 9,257,000
* Apprenticeship training allowance 1,584,000
* Employability assistance for people with disabilities 5,570,000
Post-secondary education (total budget) 566,877,000
* Universities, federated & affiliated colleges & educational agencies 333,862,000
* SIAST (operating) 99,939,000
* SIAST (accommodation services) 24,435,000
* SIIT 3,000,000
* Regional Colleges 24,818,000
* Capital transfers 36,736,000
* Apprenticeship and trade certification commission 13,811,000
* Technology enhanced learning 5,086,000
* Innovation and science fund 15,010,000
* Interprovincial agreements 1,426,000
Training programs 37,976,000
Graduate Retention program 12,000,000

Student Funding

The Saskatchewan Ministry of Advanced Education, Employment and Labour oversees a number of programs to assist current and potential students. A selection is listed below.

Adult Basic Education (ABE)

Adult Basic Education (ABE) is an umbrella term that refers to a wide range of services, credit, and non-credit programs designed to help adult learners achieve their goals.

Credit Transfer (CT)

Credit Transfer (CT) is defined as the process by which credit is granted towards a credential by one institution for programs or courses previously completed at a recognized institution.

Employability Assistance for People with Disabilities (EAPD)

The EAPD Program provides funding to assist adults with disabilities to prepare for, secure and maintain employment.

Employment Programs (including SaskJobs and SaskNetWork)

These programs can help individuals transition into and within the workforce.

General Educational Development (GED)

The GED Tests measure the academic skills and knowledge expected of high school graduates. Recognized throughout North America, the GED Testing Program has served as a bridge to education and employment. The GED Tests provide a reliable vehicle through which adults can certify that they possess the major and lasting outcomes of a traditional high school education

Graduate Retention Program

The Graduate Retention Program (GRP) is a refundable income tax credit to rebate up to $20,000 of tuition fees paid by eligible graduates. This initiative replaces the previous Graduate Tax Exemption beginning January 1, 2008.

Graduate Tax Benefit Programs

From 2000-2007, the Government of Saskatchewan had two previous graduate tax benefit programs for graduates from post-secondary programs.

Innovation and Science Fund

The Innovation and Science Fund (ISF) will provide funding to Saskatchewan universities, colleges and research institutes to support projects.

Institutional Quick Response Training (Quick Skills)

JobStart/Future Skills Program - Quick Skills option provides funds to public training institutions to train the unemployed to meet industry requirements for skilled workers. Training should lead to ongoing permanent employment. The program also provides access to credit training in rural and northern Saskatchewan.

JobStart/Future Skills

JobStart/Future Skills links training to employment. The program provides a range of skills training solutions for Saskatchewan people.

Prior Learning Assessment and Recognition (PLAR)

Prior Learning Assessment and Recognition (PLAR) is a systematic process that assesses and recognizes an individual’s knowledge and skills regardless of where or how the learning was acquired.

Provincial Training Allowance (PTA)

The Provincial Training Allowance (PTA) is grant funding to assist with the costs of living for low income adult students enrolled in basic education and bridging programs. In addition, the PTA provides assistance for Quick Skills Training of four to eleven weeks for programs not funded by student loans.

Qualification Recognition (QR)

Qualification Recognition (QR) practices involve the fair, credible, and standardized assessment of credentials to assist employers, educational institutions and professional regulatory bodies in making informed decisions.

Recognizing Prior Learning (RPL)

Recognizing Prior Learning (RPL) is a broad umbrella concept which values all learning that people have gained in their lives.

Skills Training Benefit (STB)

The objective of the Skills Training Benefit program is to assist clients who are EI eligible to return to the labour market as quickly as possible and to improve their employability.

Student Employment Experience

The Student Employment Experience (SEE) program is a year-round funding program for Saskatchewan employers to hire students.

Student Loans

The Canada-Saskatchewan Integrated Student Loans Program offers a needs based supplement to your existing resources to help you fund your education.

Student/Participant Placement Injury

Procedures in the event of a Student/Participant Injury on a Work-based Learning Placement or Work Placement.

Targeted Initiative for Older Workers (TIOW)

The Ministry of Advanced Education, Employment and Labour is working in partnership with the Federal government to deliver a two year initiative to help older workers be reintegrated into the workforce.

Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL)

Saskatchewan post-secondary institutions and the ministry work together through the provincial TEL Action Plan to extend access to education and skills training and enrich learning by adapting technology-based tools, teaching methods and resources to meet the diverse needs of learners, both on- and off-campus.[55]

[edit] Future Directions and Challenges

Given Saskatchewan's booming economy[56] and recent change of government[57], the shape of higher education in the province may be changing.

In an address to the Canadian Society for the Study of Higher Education on June 3, 2008, Parkland Regional College CEO Dr. Fay Myers observed that the goals of Saskatchewan's Regional Colleges need to change in response to the booming economy. She argues that the Regional Colleges need to take a "collaborative systems approach" to providing education in Saskatchewan and must be aware "of global forces" while developing "innovative industry partnerships" and "provid[ing] niche training."[58]

According to the Saskatchewan Party's platform document, Securing the Future, the new government is committed to "keeping post-secondary tuition affordable, by increasing post-secondary funding by 28%."[59] However, as Myers (2008) notes, funding for skills training increased by just 1%.[60]

The swift introduction of the promised Graduate Retention Program suggests that the Saskatchewan Party is making some headway towards fulfilling the promises made in their platform document. What impact they will have on the higher education system in Saskatchewan remains to be seen.

[edit] Associations

The following organizations may be of interest to people who want to know more about issues in post-secondary education in Saskatchewan and Canada. Each is described by a snippet quoted from the association’s “about us” page.

Association of Canadian Community Colleges

The Association of Canadian Community Colleges (ACCC) is the national, voluntary membership organization created in 1972 to represent colleges and institutes to government, business and industry, both in Canada and internationally.

Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada

The Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada is the voice of Canada's universities. We represent 92 Canadian public and private not-for-profit universities and university-degree level colleges.

Association of University Teachers

Founded in 1951, CAUT is the national voice for academic staff. Today, representing 55,000 teachers, librarians, researchers and other academic professionals and general staff, CAUT is an outspoken defender of academic freedom and works actively in the public interest to improve the quality and accessibility of post-secondary education in Canada.

Canadian Federation of Students

The Canadian Federation of Students and the Canadian Federation of Students-Services were formed in 1981 to provide students with an effective and united voice, provincially and nationally.

SaskNetWork

The SaskNetWork web site is about helping the people of Saskatchewan connect to the resources they need in the areas of jobs, work, education and training, career planning, self-employment, labour market information, financial help and the workplace.

University of Saskatchewan Faculty Association

The Faculty Association was founded in 1952 to negotiate salaries and other benefits with the Board of Governors of the University of Saskatchewan. On January 26, 1977, the USFA was certified under the Trade Union Act.

University of Regina Faculty Association

The University of Regina Faculty Association (URFA) is a professional organization for members of various bargaining units on the University of Regina campus. We are a member of the Canadian Association of University Teachers (CAUT), and the Saskatchewan Association of University Teachers (SAUT). URFA serves as the collective bargaining agent for approximately 1200 full and part time members.

[edit] Chronology

1905 The Saskatchewan Act is passed and the province of Saskatchewan is formed. [61] The Liberal Party forms the first government.

1907 The Act establishing the University of Saskatchewan is passed.

1911 The Methodist Church registers the first students in Regina College, which becomes a second campus of the University of Saskatchewan in 1925, then becomes the University of Regina in 1974.

1930 The Progressive Conservative Party is elected.

1934 The Liberal Party is returned to power.

1941 Saskatchewan's population is 67% rural 33% urban.[62]

1944 Tommy Douglas (CCF) is elected Premier of Saskatchewan . The province passes the first Saskatchewan Apprenticeship Act, which provides a system for the training and certification of apprentices and the trades.[63]

1952 The first National Conference on Apprenticeship in Trades and Industries provides a stimulus for the development of the Red Seal program.[64]

1959 Saskatchewan’s first technical school, the Saskatchewan Technical Institute, opens in Moose Jaw. The University of Saskatchewan offers for the first time an Arts and Science degree at Regina College.[65]

1961 July 1, Regina College is renamed the University of Saskatchewan, Regina Campus.[66]

1963 A second technical institute, The Central Saskatchewan Technical Institute, opens in Saskatoon.[67]

1964 The Liberal Party is elected.

1971 The NDP (formerly the CCF) is elected.

1972 Chaired by Ron Faris, the Minister’s Advisory Committee on Community Colleges is established to develop a plan for community colleges in the province. The Department of Continuing Education is established to coordinate post-secondary education in Saskatchewan. The Faris Report recommends the establishment of community colleges in Saskatchewan. The Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Arts and Sciences is established in Regina.[68]

1973 The Community Colleges Act is passed, establishing the community college system in Saskatchewan. The Hall Commission,consisting of Emmett Hall, Stewart Nicks and Gordon Sout, is established to examine the need for a university in Regina.[69]

1974 The University of Reginais established (U of R, 2004).[70]

1976 The Saskatchewan Indian Community College is established. The Saskatchewan Indian Federated College is established at the University of Regina.[71]

1980 The Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research is established.[72]

1982 The Progressive Conservative Party is elected.[73]

1985 Saskatchewan Indian Community College is renamed the Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technology.[74]

1986 Prince Albert’s Northern Institute of Technology opens.[75]

1988 Saskatchewan passes the Regional Colleges Act, renaming the community colleges regional colleges, reducing their number, and restructuring them as the Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology.[76]

1992 The NDP is elected. The Dumont Technical Institute [77] is established to serve the educational and technical needs of Saskatchewan’s Métis, as the adult upgrading and technical training arm of the Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research.[78]

2000 The Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies Act is passed to establish the Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies, which provides adult basic education, post-secondary training programs, and related educational programs.[79]

2002 Campus Saskatchewan is established.[80]

2003 On June 21, National Aboriginal Day, the Saskatchewan Indian Federated College is renamed The First Nations University of Canada.[81]

2006 NDP Premier Lorne Calvert commissions Advanced Education, Employment, and Labour Minister Warren McCall to produce an extensive review of the post-secondary sector.[82]

2007 October 9: the NDP's Post-Secondary Education Accessibilty and Affordability Review is published . November 7: The Saskatchewan Party is elected.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Muir, William R. (1997). Higher Education in Saskatchewan. In G.A. Jones (Ed.), Higher education in Canada. (pp. 93-114). New York: Garland.
  2. ^ Statistics Canada. (2005). Population urban and rural, by province and territory (Saskatchewan ). Retrieved May 7, 2008, from http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo62i.htm
  3. ^ Saskatchewan Ministry of Advanced Education, Employment and Labour. (2008). Graduate retention program. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from http://www.aeel.gov.sk.ca/grp
  4. ^ Insitrix Research Inc. (2007). Saskatchewan Advanced Education and Employment: Graduate outcomes of 2004-2005 class. [Electronic version]. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from http://www.usask.ca/ia/pub_repts/grad_outcomes/Sask_Adv_Edu_and_Employment_Report-FINAL.pdf
  5. ^ Canadian Association of University Teachers. (2007). CAUT almanac of post-secondary education 2007. [Electronic version]. Ottawa: Author. Retrieved May 26, 2008 from http://www.caut.ca/uploads/2007_CAUT_Almanac.PDF
  6. ^ Saskatchewan Ministry of Advanced Education, Employment and Labour. (2008). Budget 2008-09. [Electronic version]. Retrieved May 7, 2008, from http://www.aeel.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=746cb4a8-2aec-4ee8-b826-106c5a768e78&l=English
  7. ^ Library and Archives Canada. (2008). Canadian confederation: Alberta and Saskatchewan. Retrieved May 7, 2008 from http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-2215-e.html
  8. ^ University of Saskatchewan. (2008). Campus History. Retrieved May 7, 2008 from http://www.usask.ca/uofs/history/
  9. ^ Muir, William R. (1997). Higher Education in Saskatchewan. In G.A. Jones (Ed.), Higher education in Canada. (pp. 93-114). New York: Garland.
  10. ^ Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology. (2008). History (Palliser campus). Retrieved May 22, 2008 from http://www.siast.sk.ca/palliser/aboutpalliser/palliserhistory.htm
  11. ^ Higher Education Timeline. (2006). In The encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved May 7, 2008 from http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/education_in_saskatchewan_timeline.html
  12. ^ Muir, William R. (1997). Higher Education in Saskatchewan. In G.A. Jones (Ed.), Higher education in Canada. (pp. 93-114). New York: Garland.
  13. ^ Muir, William R. (1997). Higher Education in Saskatchewan. In G.A. Jones (Ed.), Higher education in Canada. (pp. 93-114). New York: Garland.
  14. ^ University of Regina. (2004). University of Regina profile. Retrieved May 12, 2008 from http://www.uregina.ca/urprofile.shtml
  15. ^ Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies. (2008). Our history. Retrieved May 26, 2008 from http://www.siit.sk.ca/OurHistory.html
  16. ^ Gabriel Dumont Institute. (2008). About GDI. Retrieved May 12, 2008 from http://www.gdins.org/AboutGDI.shtml#missionstatement
  17. ^ Muir, William R. (1997). Higher Education in Saskatchewan. In G.A. Jones (Ed.), Higher education in Canada. (pp. 93-114). New York: Garland.
  18. ^ Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology. (2008). Quick overview: History. Retrieved May 12, 2008 from http://www.siast.sk.ca/siast/aboutsiast/quickoverview.htm#history
  19. ^ Muir, William R. (1997). Higher Education in Saskatchewan. In G.A. Jones (Ed.), Higher education in Canada. (pp. 93-114). New York: Garland.
  20. ^ Saskatchewan Communications Network. (2008). About SCN. Retrieved May 20, 2008 from http://www.scn.ca/about.php
  21. ^ Campus Saskatchewan. (2002). Memorandum of understanding on campus Saskatchewan. [Electronic version]. Retrieved May 28, 2008 from http://www.campussask.ca/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/CS_MOU.pdf
  22. ^ McCall, Warren. (2007). Post-secondary education accessibility and affordability review. [Electronic version]. Retrieved May 7, 2008 from http://www.aeel.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=2b200875-f67f-4b32-b770-c6a4974f6b67
  23. ^ CBC News. (2007). Saskatchewan Party wins majority government. Retrieved May 28, 2008 from http://www.cbc.ca/canada/saskvotes2007/story/2007/11/07/sask-main-election.html
  24. ^ Saskatchewan Ministry of Advanced Education, Employment and Labour. (2008). Mandate. Retrieved May 12, 2008 from http://www.aeel.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=01c93cbc-d11f-4074-974f-dd7db10c3334
  25. ^ Bouvier, Rita and Karlenzig, Bruce. (2006). Accountability and Aboriginal education: Dilemmas, promises and challenges. In Our schools/our selves special issue spring 2006., 16. As cited in Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. (2007). Saskatchewan notes. [Electronic version]. Ottawa, Banks, Brian. Retrieved May 28, 2008 from http://www.policyalternatives.ca/documents/Saskatchewan_Pubs/2007/Sasknotes_Access_to_PSE.pdf
  26. ^ McCall, Warren. (2007). Post-secondary education accessibility and affordability review: Interim report. [Electronic version]. Retrieved May 28, 2008 from http://www.aeel.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=5120698c-af86-4fd1-be22-199baeae0fe2
  27. ^ Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. (2007). Saskatchewan notes. [Electronic version]. Ottawa, Banks, Brian. Retrieved May 28, 2008 from http://www.policyalternatives.ca/documents/Saskatchewan_Pubs/2007/Sasknotes_Access_to_PSE.pdf
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