Higher education in Canada

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A map of Canada, separated into its ten provinces and three territories.
A map of Canada, separated into its ten provinces and three territories.

Higher education in Canada describes the constellation of provincial higher education systems in Canada and their relationships with the federal government. A federation now comprising ten provinces and three territories, Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. It is a bilingual and multicultural country, with both English and French as official languages at the federal level. Technologically advanced and industrialized, Canada maintains a diversified economy that is heavily reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade—particularly with the United States, with which Canada has a long and complex relationship.



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Contents


[edit] Higher education systems in Canada

Canada Parliament.

The federal presence in higher education in Canada page describes the relationship between the Government of Canada and the provinces and territories. Also, key national organizations and publications are included.

[edit] Overview

In Canada, the constitutional responsibility for higher education rests with the provinces of Canada. The decision to assign responsibility for universities to the local legislatures, cemented in the British North America Act which was renamed the Constitution Act, 1867[1] in 1982), was contentious from its inception[2]. The Act states "in and for each Province, the Legislature may exclusively make laws in relation to Education". As a result of this constitutional arrangement, a distinctive system of education, including higher education, has evolved in each province.

The federal Parliament is responsible for the national interest and "it has the power to legislate regarding matters which are in the interest of more than one of the provinces or of the nation as a whole"[3]. However, there is no federal ministry or minister of higher education. Historically, areas identified as “appropriate” for federal government involvement included the following: economic and social growth and development, equality of opportunity, employment, preparing young people for the labour force, inter-provincial labour market mobility, adult training and retraining, vocational training, bilingualism, technological development, international affairs, and research[4] In 2008, federal responsibility for higher education is under the umbrella of Human Resources and Social Development Canada (HRSDC), Learning Branch [5]. The Learning Branch of HRSDC oversees the following: Canada Student Loans and Grants; Saving for Education; Post-Secondary Education; and Student Exchanges and Academic Mobility.

[edit] Chronology of the Historical Involvement of the Federal Government in Higher Education

1874 First direct involvement of the federal government in higher education.

Parliamentary statute to establish "the Military College"[6]

1876 The college opened in Kingston, Ontario [[29]]

1885 Land endowment granted for the establishment of the University of Manitoba [[30]]

1910 Royal Commission on Industrial Training and Vocational Education – “led to the provision of grants to the provinces for the purposes of developing agricultural techniques and training and upgrading vocational, technical and industrial education” (p. 2) [7] [8]

1916 Creation of the National Research Council (NRC) to enlarge Canada’s research facilities during World War I” [9] [10]

1939 Establishment of the Dominion-Provincial Student Aid Program (DPSAP) [11]

End of WW II

1946 Influx of returning WW II veterans into the universities. In 1947-48 full-time university enrolment peaked at 83,882 [12] [13]

federal government provided universities with annual grant of $150 for each veteran student [14]

1951 Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters, and Sciences (Massey Commission) [15] [16]

1957 Creation of the Canada Council for the Encouragement of the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences [17] [18] [19]

1957-67 Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) provided loans to universities for building of student residences[20]

1960 Separation of the Medical Research Council (MRC) from the National Research Council (NRC)[21]

1964 Establishment of the Canada Student Loans Program (CSLP) [22] [23]

1965 AUCC sponsored Commission on Financing of Higher Education (Bladen Commission) [24] [25] [26]

1963 Establishment of the Economic Council of Canada [27]

1966 Direct involvement of the Department of the Secretary of State

1966 Establishment of the Education Support Branch of the Department of the Secretary of State formed to coordinate assistance given to universities [28]

1966 Establishment of the Council of Ministers of Education, Canada (CMEC) [29]

1966-67 Federal-Provincial Fiscal Arrangements Act 1967 [30] [31]

1967 Adult Occupation Training Act, which led to the Canada Manpower Training Program [32] [33] [34]

1971 Formation of the Ministry for Science and Technology

1977 Federal-Provincial Arrangements Established Programs Financing Act (1977)

1978 Government Organizations Act (1976) which led to the creation of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRCC) and the National Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC)

1982 Bill C-97. An Act to Amend the Federal-Provincial Arrangements and Established Programs Financing Act, 1977 [35] [36] [37]

1983 Dissolution of the Economic Council of Canada [38]

1984 Bill C-12 Act to amend the Federal-Provincial Arrangements and Established Programs Financing Act [39]

1986 Bill C-96 Act to Amend the Federal-Provincial Arrangements and Federal Post-secondary Education and Health Act Programs Act, 1977

1995 Bill C-76 Act to Implement Certain Provisions of the Budget Tabled in Parliament on February 27, 1995

1995 Amalgamation of Established Programs Financing (EPF) and Canada Assistance Plan (CAP)

1996 Canada Health and Social Transfer Act [40] [41] [42]

1999 Bill C-65: An Act to Amend the Federal-Provincial Fiscal Arrangements Act [43]

2004 Separation of the Canada Health Transfer (CHT) and Canada Social Transfer (CST)


[edit] Provinces

[edit] Newfoundland and Labrador

Higher education in Newfoundland and Labrador

[edit] Nova Scotia

Higher education in Nova Scotia

[edit] New Brunswick

Higher education in New Brunswick

[edit] Prince Edward Island

Higher education in Prince Edward Island

[edit] Quebec

Higher education in Quebec

[edit] Ontario

Main article: Higher education in Ontario

The higher education system in Ontario includes:

  • the governing Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities,
  • related agencies, boards, and commissions, and
  • public universities, private degree granting institutions, public colleges, and private career colleges.[44][45]

[edit] Manitoba

Higher education in Manitoba

[edit] Saskatchewan

Higher education in Saskatchewan

[edit] Alberta

Higher education in Alberta

[edit] British Columbia

Higher Education in British Columbia


[edit] Territories

[edit] Nunavut

[edit] Northwest Territories

Higher education in Northwest Territories

[edit] Yukon

Higher education in the Yukon

[edit] Federal presence in Higher Education

Federal presence in Higher Education

[edit] Higher Education and Related Associations and Organizations

Higher Education and Related Associations and Organizations

[edit] Higher Education and Related Journals and Publications

Higher Education and Related Journals and Publications

[edit] References

  1. ^ Constitution Act, 1867
  2. ^ Standing Senate Committee on National Finance. (1987). Federal policy on post-secondary education. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada
  3. ^ Sheffield, E., Campbell, D. D., Holmes, J., Kymlicka, B. B., & Whitelaw, J. H. (1978). Systems of higher education: Canada. New York: International Council for Educational Development, p. 1
  4. ^ Sheffield et al.(1978), p. 13-20
  5. ^ [1],
  6. ^ Standing Senate Committee on National Finance. (1987). Federal policy on post-secondary education. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, p.2
  7. ^ [2]
  8. ^ Munroe, J. P. (1914). Review of the Royal Commission of Canada on Industrial Training and Technical Education. Report of the Commissioners. The American Economic Review, 4(4), 940-942
  9. ^ Standing Senate Committee (1987), p.2
  10. ^ [3]
  11. ^ [4]
  12. ^ Sheffield, E., Campbell, D. D., Holmes, J., Kymlicka, B. B., & Whitelaw, J. H. (1978). Systems of higher education: Canada. New York: International Council for Educational Development, p.8
  13. ^ Stewart, L. (1990). It’s up to you. Women at UBC in the early years. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press
  14. ^ Sheffield et al, (1978), p. 8; Senate Standing Committee (1987), p. 2
  15. ^ [5]
  16. ^ [6]
  17. ^ [7]
  18. ^ [8]
  19. ^ [9]
  20. ^ [10]
  21. ^ [11]
  22. ^ [12]
  23. ^ [13]
  24. ^ [14]
  25. ^ Trueman, J.H. (1966). The Canadian university. The Journal of Higher Education, 37(3), 166-168.
  26. ^ Eastman, H.C. (1979). Review of Bladen on Bladen: Memoirs of a political economist by Vincent W. Bladen. The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d'Economique, 12(4), 765-767.
  27. ^ [15]
  28. ^ [16]
  29. ^ [17]
  30. ^ Sheehan, B. (1973). Federal funds and university research. Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique, 6(1), 121-130.
  31. ^ [18]
  32. ^ [19]
  33. ^ [20]
  34. ^ Maki, D. (1972). The direct effect of the Occupational Training of Adults Program on Canadian unemployment rates. The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d'Economique, 5(1), 125-131.
  35. ^ Dobell, A.R. (1982). Financing Confederation: Politics and process. Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, 8(3), 303-307.
  36. ^ [21]
  37. ^ [22]
  38. ^ [23]
  39. ^ [24]
  40. ^ [25]
  41. ^ [26]
  42. ^ [27]
  43. ^ [28]
  44. ^ Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities Ontario. Organization chart (PDF 40KB). Retrieved May 30, 2008, from
  45. ^ Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities Ontario. Role of the ministry. Retrieved May 29, 2008, from

[edit] See also