High council (Latter Day Saints)
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In Mormonism, a high council is one of several different governing bodies that have existed in the church hierarchy on many Latter Day Saint denominations. Most often, the term refers to a stake high council in a local stake, but other high councils include the standing Presiding High Council in Zion, and the "travelling high council" better-known as the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.
[edit] History of high councils
On February 17, 1834, Joseph Smith, Jr., the founder of the movement, created a Presiding High Council at church headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio. This body consisted of Twelve men, headed by the First Presidency. This High Council took on the role of chief judicial and legislative body of the local church and handled such things as excommunication trials and approval of all church spending. This High Council became subordinate to the High Council of Zion, which was organized in Jackson County, Missouri. Later, when other High Councils were established in newly formed stakes of the Church, the High Council of Zion (first Kirtland, then Far West, Missouri and finally Nauvoo, Illinois) took on a role of "presiding" over the lesser High Councils. (Cases tried in the High Councils of outlying stakes were regularly appealed to the Presiding High Council). Most Latter Day Saint historians view the High Council of Zion as distinct from a Stake High Council, as there is no "Stake" at the "center place" of Zion, and Zion, and its branch of the Church (sometimes referred to as The Church of the Firstborn or the Church of Enoch) would preside over other branches of the Church. During this time, High Council members were ordained high priests, but not given any priesthood keys.
In 1835, Smith created an additional "Traveling High Council" of twelve men to oversee the missionary work of the church. Like many early church leaders including the Three and Eight Witnesses of the Book of Mormon and, initially all church elders, the members of this Travelling High Council were known as "apostles." (Later, as this council grew in importance it became known as the Council or Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other church leaders ceased to be called apostles.
Thomas B. Marsh the original president of this Traveling High Council which, in practice, was initially subordinate to the Presiding High Council of Zion. For example, in 1838, when vacancies arose in the Traveling High Council, it was the Presiding High Council at Far West which voted on and filled the vacancies. Later, as the Traveling High Council evolved and began to be known as the Quorum of the Twelve apostles, it acquired equal status with the Presiding High Council and both were subordinated to the First Presidency. When the High Council of Zion was dissolved after the Church was expelled from Missouri, the High Council organized at the new church headquarters in Nauvoo, Illinois functioned as the Presiding High Council of the church, overseeing appeals from high councils in outlying stakes.
After the 1844 succession crisis, High Councils developed differently in the various denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement.
[edit] High councils in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Each stake in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the largest Latter Day Saint denomination, has a High Council consisting of twelve members. These Stake High Councils assist the Stake Presidency in disciplinary councils and in communicating to the wards and branches within the stake.
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