High-speed rail in Norway
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Currently, the only high-speed rail in Norway, on the railways of Norway is on Gardermobanen, a 60 kilometer line between Oslo Central Station and Eidsvoll via Oslo Airport. The main service on this route is Flytoget, commuting between Oslo Airport and the metropolitan areas of Oslo at speeds of up to 210 km/h (130 mph). It will be extended westwards to include the city of Drammen in 2008, though not at high speed [1]. The high-speed section is also used by express and regional trains between Oslo and Eidsvoll.
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[edit] Background
Compared to continental European countries, Norway is far more sparsely populated and quite mountainous. On the one hand this causes problems filling up trains, especially compared to other European projects and will give difficulties reaching necessary passenger numbers. On the other hand Norwegians travel considerably more long-distance than other Europeans, for instance three of Europe's 11 busiest air routes are within Norway. Also, the long-distance road network of Norway is in relatively bad condition, making rail travel even more competitive. Estimates for construction costs have shown that building in Norway is considerably cheaper than on the Continent, due to the ability to build tracks straight on bedrock. Also the tunnels usually can be made without sealing (like the many road tunnels) Furthermore expropriation costs are lower since most of the corridors will go through unpopulated areas.
So far, train speed has not been prioritised on long distance railways in Norway. Oslo-Bergen (526 km) takes about 6:40 in 2007. Oslo-Trondheim (552 km) takes 6:45. These times are about the same as during the last decades, and give an average speed of about 80 km/h. Oslo-Gothenburg is a little faster at 89 km/h, but this is due to Swedish rail quality (112 km/h) rather than Norwegian (72 km/h).
As can be seen in the chapter "Future plans", not much will be built before 2020, and no new track will be operated above 200 km/h in this time. If there is a decision to really build new long-distance high speed-lines it will represent a big change in national transport policy.
[edit] Future plans
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In Norway there are plans to build a few 200 km/h railways in near future. This limit of 200 km/h might be raised slightly in the future on certain straight parts of track.
- Between Oslo-Ski a new tunnel will be built, partly suitable for 200 km/h (to be finished around 2015).
- Vestfoldbanen, Drammen-Tønsberg-Skien will be upgraded and in part new high-speed track will be built.
- The new track Eidsvoll-Hamar is expected to be finished around 2020, with 200 km/h most of the track.
- A new track Oslo – Hønefoss, mostly in a tunnel, will cut travel time between those two cities with up to one hour. (Indicated time gains depend on political prioritisations.)
- In about 1995 a new double track Ski-Moss was constructed, which is straight enough for 200 km/h for most of the route. However, currently even through trains reach only 160 km/h on this stretch (with an average speed of just 105 km/h). The route can be upgraded.
[edit] Long-term plans
There is also a political climate for building more high speed railway services in Norway. The Norwegian National Railway Administration, Jernbaneverket has payed for an analysis on the possibilities for building high-speed railway services in Norway. The VWI Stuttgart (Institute of Transportation Research at the University of Stuttgart, Germany) has done this analysis.
The conclusions indicate that the most interesting corridors are Oslo-Gothenburg (in Sweden) and Oslo-Trondheim (through the Østerdalen valley)[2]. The corridor Oslo-Bergen could expect the highest passenger count, but is much more expensive to build.
According to the report, the lines are assumed to be single-track railways, with up to 4% grade, dedicated to high-speed passenger trains with a 250 km/h (155 mph) maximum cruise speed. Closer to the big cities, the railways would be double-track and also be used for regional trains.
The feasibility study has suggested that a passenger count of 5000 per day per line could be expected if rail is competitive with air travel. This is much lower than German or French high-speed lines, and building double tracks will not be economic. It will, however, be hard to get below three hours from Oslo to Bergen or Trondheim on single track, as meeting trains will be very sensitive to delays. Travel time above three hours makes it hard to compete with air travel. There is no single-track high-speed railway in operation in the world at the moment, but one such, the Botniabanan is being built in Sweden. The VWI investigation suggests very long passing loops (15 km) to be able to pass at 160 km/h, and accept some delays without delaying meeting trains. Since these railways would be high-speed only, the passing loops need only to be 30 min travel time (80-100 km) apart (if one train per hour per direction).
Though the initiative to the analysis itself is an evidence of a promising political climate for high speed railways, the analysis has been heavily criticized by experts for not being done by a recognised competence on this area, for being based on inaccurate facts, and for using gross miscalculations of important data, like potential passenger numbers and potential costs of building new high speed tracks. Mainly these critisisms are from lobbyist organisations which prefers railways to Bergen and Ålesund, which has been seen as too expensive by VWI. Especially the recommendation by WVI to use Østerdalen (with very sparse population) and only one stop there has been critisised.
[edit] Suggestions for high speed railway networks
There are also several independent initiatives for high speed railways in Norway:
- Norsk Bane [1] is a initiative for a high speed railway network that will cover large parts of Southern Norway. It is backed by local organisaions like municipalities. It has several lines that can be considered independently, but at its greatest extent it will include the major cities of Trondheim, Bergen, Stavanger, Kristiansand and Ålesund with a hub in Oslo. In addition there will also be a line through the Vestfold region and lines both west and east of the Mjøsa lake. This project will however need political support before it can be started. Norsk Bane has critisised the VWI investigation mainly because it did not prioritise railways to Hordaland and Møre og Romsdal. Norsk Bane has been critisised because they assume 250 km/h average speed (between stops) at 250 km/h cruise speed and assuming 2:30 travel time Oslo-Trondheim including seven stops (490 km). This is not possible even on a double track railway.
- Den sørnorske høyhastighetsringen [2] is a political initiative for building a high speed railway ring that will include the major cities Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger and Kristiansand, in addition to the densely populated Vestfold region. This proposal wants to use the existing corridors of Bergensbanen and along the south coast. This is also a lobbyist organisation backed by local forces.
[edit] References
[edit] External links
- Jernbaneverket projects (Norwegian)
