Hieracium

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Hieracium
Meadow Hawkweed
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Tribe: Cichorieae
Genus: Hieracium[1]
L.
Species

See text.
Synonyms

Chlorocrepis[2]
Crepidopsis Arv.-Touv.
Pilosella Vaill.[3]

Hieracium (pronounced 'hi-er-AS-ee-um')[4] known by its common name Hawkweed[1] and long ago by its classical name hierakion which comes from the ancient Greek hierax, "a hawk"[5] is a genus of the sunflower (Helianthus) family Asteraceae (previously called Compositae) and are closely related to dandelion (Taraxacum), chicory (Cichorium), prickly lettuce (Lactuca) and sow thistle (Sonchus)[6] which are part of the tribe Cichorieae. Hawkweeds with their 10,000+ recorded species and subspecies[7] and approximately 800 accepted species members[8], do their part to make Asteraceae the second largest family of flowers.[9]

“ A dry roadside dotted with small, 3/4 inch red orange flowers, interspersed with very similar yellow ones, and often the white of daisies, is a good sign that you are in Hawkweed country. „

—Marion Edsall, [10]

Contents

[edit] Common names

English: Hawkweed
Danish: Høgeurt
German: Habichtskräuter
Finnish: Ukonkeltanot
Italian: Sparviere
Japanese: ヤナギタンポポ属
Lithuanian: Vanagė
Dutch: Havikskruid
Norwegian: Svever
Polish: Jastrzębiec (roślina)
Czech: Jestřábník
Turkish: Şahin otu
Ukrainian: Нечуйвітер

[edit] Description

[edit] Flowers and flower-heads

Hieracium or Hawkweeds, like the others in the Asteraceae family have mostly yellow[11], tightly packed flower-heads of numerous small flowers[9] but unlike daisies and sunflowers in the same family, they have not two kinds of florets but only strap-shaped (spatulate) florets, each one of which is a complete flower in itself, not lacking stamens,[11] and joined to the stem by leafy bracts. Like other tribe Cichorieae members each ray corolla is tipped by 3 to 5 teeth.[9]

flowerhead and ray corolla

stamen, pollen, center of flower-head

stamen

3 to 5 teeth per spatulate floret

[edit] Bracts, stems and leaves

Erect single, glabrous or hairy stems, sometimes branched away from the point of attachment, sometimes branched throughout.

The hairiness of Hawkweeds can be very complex: from surfaces with scattered to crowded, tapered, whiplike, straight or curly, smooth to setae; "stellate-pubescent" or surfaces with scattered to crowded, dendritically branched (often called, but seldom truly, "stellate") hairs; and "stipitate-glandular" or surfaces with scattered to crowded gland-tipped hairs mostly. Surfaces of stems, leaves, peduncles, and phyllaries may be glabrous or may bear one, two, or all three of the types of hairs mentioned here.[12]

Like the others in the Asteraceae family have milky juice[11] when either the leaves or the stems are broken.

See Hieracium anatomy for photographs of miscellaneous Hieracium phytotomy details.

[edit] Fruits

Several stages of maturity are shown in this image which is intended to be a placeholder until a cited description can be assembled.
Several stages of maturity are shown in this image which is intended to be a placeholder until a cited description can be assembled.



[edit] Ecology

Large Yellow Underwing (Noctua pronuba)[13]

[edit] Distribution

Hieracium can be found throughout the continental United States and Alaska.[14] Mexico, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa.[12]

[edit] Species

[edit] the United States

The list below is a selection of species which have been accepted by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.[1] A more complete list is given in List of Hieracium species.

  • Hieracium albiflorum Hook. -- white hawkweed P
  • Hieracium ×alleghaniense Britt. (pro sp.) P
  • Hieracium argutum Nutt. -- southern hawkweed P
  • Hieracium ×atramentarium (Naegeli & Peter) Zahn ex Engl. (pro sp.) P
  • Hieracium atratum Fries -- polar hawkweed P
  • Hieracium aurantiacum L. -- orange hawkweed P
  • Hieracium bolanderi Gray -- Bolander's hawkweed P
  • Hieracium ×brachiatum Berth. ex DC. P
  • Hieracium caespitosum Dumort. -- meadow hawkweed P
  • Hieracium canadense Michx. -- Canadian hawkweed P
  • Hieracium carneum Greene -- Huachuca hawkweed P
  • Hieracium cynoglossoides Arv.-Touv. -- houndstongue hawkweed P
  • Hieracium ×fassettii Lepage P
  • Hieracium fendleri Schultz-Bip. -- yellow hawkweed P
  • Hieracium ×fernaldii Lepage P
  • Hieracium ×flagellare Willd. (pro sp.) P
  • Hieracium ×floribundum Wimmer & Grab. (pro sp.) P
  • Hieracium ×fuscatrum Naegeli & Peter (pro sp.) P
  • Hieracium glomeratum Froel. -- queen-devil hawkweed P
  • Hieracium gracile Hook. -- slender hawkweed P
  • Hieracium greenei Gray -- Greene's hawkweed P
  • Hieracium greenii Porter & Britt. -- Maryland hawkweed P
  • Hieracium ×grohii Lepage P
  • Hieracium gronovii L. -- queendevil P
  • Hieracium horridum Fries -- prickly hawkweed P
  • Hieracium kalmii L. -- Kalm's hawkweed P
  • Hieracium lachenalii K.C. Gmel. -- common hawkweed P
  • Hieracium lactucella Wallr. -- European hawkweed P
  • Hieracium laevigatum Willd. -- smooth hawkweed P
  • Hieracium lemmonii Gray -- Lemmon's hawkweed P
  • Hieracium longiberbe T.J. Howell -- longbeard hawkweed P
  • Hieracium longipilum Torr. -- hairy hawkweed P
  • Hieracium maculatum Sm. -- spotted hawkweed P
  • Hieracium marianum Willd. -- Maryland hawkweed P
  • Hieracium megacephalon Nash -- coastal plain hawkweed P
  • Hieracium murorum L. -- wall hawkweed P
  • Hieracium paniculatum L. -- Allegheny hawkweed P
  • Hieracium pilosella L. -- mouseear hawkweed P
  • Hieracium piloselloides Vill. -- tall hawkweed P
  • Hieracium praealtum Vill. ex Gochnat -- kingdevil P
  • Hieracium pringlei Gray -- Pringle's hawkweed P
  • Hieracium robinsonii (Zahn) Fern. -- Robinson's hawkweed P
  • Hieracium rusbyi Greene -- Rusby's hawkweed P
  • Hieracium sabaudum L. -- New England hawkweed P
  • Hieracium scabrum Michx. -- rough hawkweed P
  • Hieracium schultzii Fries -- roughstem hawkweed P
  • Hieracium scouleri Hook. -- Scouler's woollyweed P
  • Hieracium scribneri Small -- Scribner's hawkweed P
  • Hieracium triste Willd. ex Spreng. -- woolly hawkweed P
  • Hieracium umbellatum L. -- narrowleaf hawkweed P
  • Hieracium venosum L. -- rattlesnakeweed P

[edit] Europe

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c Natural Resources Conservation Service (2007). Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Genus Hieracium L. (HTML). The PLANTS Database. USDA, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.. Retrieved on 2007-12-18.
  2. ^ International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI). Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent Countries as of 26.10.96 (HTML). Provisional Global Plant Checklist. International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI). Retrieved on 2007-12-17.
  3. ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network. Genus: Hieracium L. (HTML). (GRIN) Online Database. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved on 2007-12-23.
  4. ^ Guide to the Pronunciation of Specific, Generic and Family Names (HTML). Southern California Wildflowers. Retrieved on 2007-12-22.
  5. ^ Charters, Michael L.. HI-HY (HTML). California Plant Names: Latin and Greek Meanings and Derivations A Dictionary of Botanical Etymology. Retrieved on 2007-12-26.
  6. ^ Cooperative extension service, Matthew J. Rinella and Roger L. Sheley (Reprinted Dec. 2002). Orange and Meadow Hawkweed, 199816 (HTML). MontGuide fact sheet. Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University - Bozeman. Retrieved on 2007-12-22.
  7. ^ International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI). Plant Name Search Results (HTML). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved on 2007-12-17.
  8. ^ International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI). Details for: Hieracium (HTML). Provisional Global Plant Checklist. Retrieved on 2007-12-17.
  9. ^ a b c Peterson Field Guide, Theodore F. Niehaus [1976]. Pacific States Wildflowers, Illustrations by Charles L. Ripper, The Peterson Field Guide Series, New York, New York 100003: Houghton Mifflin Company, pages 102, 220. ISBN 0-395-91095-1. 
  10. ^ Edsall, Marion [1985] (2007-12-15). Roadside Plants and Flowers A Traveler's Guide to the Midwest and Great Lakes Area, Cover design: Bruce Gore, 114 North Murray Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53715: University of Wisconsin Press, page 46. Dewey 582.0977. ISBN 0-299-09704-8. “A dry roadside dotted with small, 3/4 inch red orange flowers, interspersed with very similar yellow ones, and often the white of daisies, is a good sign that you are in Hawkweed country.” 
  11. ^ a b c Mrs M. Grieve (1933). Hawkweed, Wood (HTML). A Modern Herbal. botanical.com. Retrieved on 2007-12-16.
  12. ^ a b John L. Strother. Hieracium in Flora of North America (HTML). FNA Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 219, 278, 279. efloras.org. Retrieved on 2007-12-16.
  13. ^ Large Yellow Underwing. Retrieved on 2007-12-23.
  14. ^ Natural Resources Conservation Service (2007). PLANTS Profile for Hieracium L. (HTML). The PLANTS Database. USDA, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.. Retrieved on 2007-12-18.

[edit] External links