Hezbollah

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For other uses, see Hezbollah (disambiguation).
Hezbollah
Hezbollah emblem
(Hezbollah flag)
Leader Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah
Founded 1982 - 1985 (officially)
Religion Shi'a Islam
Political ideology Islamism
Nationality Lebanese
Website Varies. See List of official sites.

Hezbollah[1] (Arabic: حزب الله‎ ḥizba-llāh,[2] literally "party of God") is a Shi'a Islamic political and paramilitary organisation based in Lebanon. The group's official name in Arabic is Hizb Allah Al-moqawama Al-Islamiyah fi Lubnan.[3]

Hezbollah first emerged during the Lebanese Civil War in the early 1980s as a militia of Shia followers of the Ayatollah Khomeini, trained, organized and funded by a contingent of Iranian Revolutionary Guards.[4] In its 1985 manifesto Hezbollah listed its three main goals as the eradication of "Western colonialism" in Lebanon, the bringing to justice of those who committed atrocities during the war (specifically the Phalangists), and the establishment of an Islamic government in Lebanon.[5][6][7] Since then Hezbollah has temporarily abandoned the goal of transforming Lebanon into an Islamic state at this time.[4] Hezbollah leaders have also made numerous statements calling for the destruction of Israel, which they describe as an unlawful "entity".[5][6][7]

Six countries officially list Hezbollah or its security arm as a terrorist organization: the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel, Canada, the Netherlands, and Australia, though its designation as such is not unanimous among world powers (perhaps most notably, the European Union).[8] Hezbollah enjoys popular support as a legitimate resistance movement in most of the Arab and Muslim worlds.[3]

Hezbollah maintains strong support among Lebanon's Shi'a population, and gained a surge of support from Lebanon's general population immediately following the 2006 Lebanon War,[9] and has mobilized demonstrations of hundreds of thousands.[10][11][12] According to UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Hezbollah receives its financial support mainly from the donations of Lebanese Shi’ites. "According to frequent accounts in the western press, the group also receives considerable support from Iran and Syria".[13] Hezbollah has "operated with Syria's blessing" since the end of the Civil War.[10][14] Hezbollah, which started with only a militia, has grown to an organization with seats in the Lebanese government, a radio and a satellite television-station, and programs for social development.[15] Since 1992, the organization has been headed by Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, its Secretary-General.

Hezbollah
Flag of Hezbollah

Articles

Contents

Background

Main article: History of Hezbollah
Map of southern Lebanon, featuring the Blue Line and Litani River, 2006.
Map of southern Lebanon, featuring the Blue Line and Litani River, 2006.

Hezbollah alongside with Amal is one of two major political parties in Lebanon that represent the Shiite Muslims. It holds 14 of the 128 seats in Lebanon's Parliament and is a member of the Resistance and Development Bloc.

Hezbollah organizes an extensive social development program and runs hospitals, news services, and educational facilities.[13] Its Reconstruction Campaign ('Jihad Al Binna') is responsible for numerous economic and infrastructure development projects in Lebanon.[16]

Ending Israel's occupation of Southern Lebanon was the primary focus of Hezbollah's early activities.[10] Israel had become militarily involved in Lebanon in combat with the Palestine Liberation Organization, which had moved into Southern Lebanon after being ousted from Jordan. The PLO had been attacking Israel from Southern Lebanon in the lead-up to the 1982 Lebanon War, and Israel had invaded and occupied Southern Lebanon and besieged Beirut.

Then Hezbollah tried to expel Israel from Lebanon. At the beginning, it had used suicide attacks against the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and against Israeli targets outside of Lebanon.[17] Hezbollah is reputed to have been among the first Islamic resistance groups to use tactical suicide bombing, assassination and capturing against foreign soldiers in the Middle East.[4][10] But gradually, Hezbollah turned into a paramilitary organization and used missiles, Katyusha and other type of rocket launchers and detonations of explosive charges[18][19] instead of capturings,[20][21][22] murders,[21] hijackings,[23] and bombings.[23][24][25] Hezbollah has been subject to assassination and abduction by Israel as well.[23] Hezbollah's violent acts are characterized by some countries as terrorist attacks, while others regard them as a resistance movement engaged in defensive Jihad."[26][27] Human rights organizations Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have accused Hezbollah of committing war crimes against Israeli civilians,[28] in which in the same article, they also accused Israel of war crimes but against Lebanese civilians.

The United States, Israel, and four other countries consider Hezbollah wholly or partly a terrorist organization. The European Union does not list Hezbollah as a "terrorist organization",[29] but does list the late Imad Mugniyah, a senior member and founder of Hezbollah, as a terrorist.[30]

In contrast, supporters of Hezbollah justify Hezbollah's attacks against Israel on several grounds. Firstly, Hezbollah justifies its operations against Israel as reciprocal to Israeli operations against Lebanese civilians and as retaliation for Israel's occupation of Lebanese territory.[31][32][26] Many of these attacks took place while Israel occupied the southern part of Lebanon and held it as a security zone in spite of United Nations Security Council Resolution 425. Although Israel withdrew from Lebanon in 2000, and their complete withdrawal was verified by the United Nations, Lebanon now considers the Shebaa farms—a 26 km² (10-mi²) piece of land captured by Israel from Syria in the 1967 war and considered by the UN to be disputed territory between Syria and Israel—to be Lebanese territory. Additionally, Hezbollah has identified three Lebanese prisoners held in Israeli jails who it wants released.[33] Finally, Hezbollah and others among the Muslim world consider Israel to be an illegitimate state. For these reasons, many in the Arab world consider acts performed by Hezbollah against Israel to be justified as acts of defensive Jihad.[23][34] Although some Arab states (Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia) have condemned Hezbollah's actions, saying that "the Arabs and Muslims can't afford to allow an irresponsible and adventurous organization like Hezbollah to drag the region to war" and calling it "dangerous adventurism,"[35] Hezbollah is regarded as a legitimate resistance movement throughout much of Lebanese society and the Arab and Muslim world, with an emphasis on "calls for the destruction of Israel."[36] Three-quarters of Lebanese Christians identified Hezbollah as a legitimate group in challenging Israeli aggression.[37][38]

Ideology

Main article: Hezbollah Ideology

On February 16, 1985, Sheik Ibrahim al-Amin issued Hezbollah's manifesto. According to this manifesto (titled "An Open Letter: The Hizballah Program"), the three objectives of the organization are:[5]

  • To expel Americans, the French and their allies (sic) definitely from Lebanon, putting an end to any colonialist entity on our land.
  • To submit the phalanges to a just power and bring them all to justice for the crimes they have perpetrated against Muslims and Christians.
  • To permit all the sons of our people to determine their future and to choose in all the liberty the form of government they desire. We call upon all of them to pick the option of Islamic government which alone is capable of guaranteeing justice and liberty for all. Only an Islamic regime can stop any future tentative attempts of imperialistic infiltration onto our country.

The 1985 manifesto makes it clear that Hezbollah intends to use armed force to achieve these goals and phrases its argument for this measure through the language of defensive jihad.[39]

Hezbollah's Shi'a Islamic doctrine

Hezbollah was formed in the early eighties, largely with the aid of the Ayatollah Khomeini's followers, in order to spread Islamic revolution.[40] It follows a distinct version of Islamic Shi'a ideology (“Willayat Al-Faqih”) developed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran.[3]

Translated excerpts from Hezbollah's original 1985 manifesto read:

We are the sons of the umma (Muslim community) ...
... We are an ummah linked to the Muslims of the whole world by the solid doctrinal and religious connection of Islam, whose message God wanted to be fulfilled by the Seal of the Prophets, i.e., Prophet Muhammad. Our behavior is dictated to us by legal principles laid down by the light of an overall political conception defined by the leading jurist....As for our culture, it is based on the Holy Quran, the Sunna and the legal rulings of the faqih who is our source of imitation...[5]

Although Hezbollah originally aimed to transform Lebanon into an Islamic republic, this goal has been abandoned. Nasrallah has been quoted as saying, "We believe the requirement for an Islamic state is to have an overwhelming popular desire, and we're not talking about fifty percent plus one, but a large majority. And this is not available in Lebanon and probably never will be."[4] Doubts, however, remain.[14][41][42] Since that time, Hezbollah has transformed from a revolutionary movement to a socio-political movement of Lebanese Shia and has accepted the multi-cultural situation of Lebanon. This transformation is known as "Lebanonization".[43] However, Hezbollah is not satisfied with the multi-confessional quotas under the Ta'if Accord, due to the fact that Shia's position in the state is lower than its proportion of population. Hezbollah believes in a one-person-one-vote system, but does not intend to force it onto the other minorities.[44]

Attitudes, statements, and actions concerning Israel

Billboard in Southern Lebanon depicting Hezbollah combatant "martyrs." Note the image of the Jerusalem's Dome of the Rock accompanied by an image of Hassan Nasrallah in the center of the billboard.
Billboard in Southern Lebanon depicting Hezbollah combatant "martyrs." Note the image of the Jerusalem's Dome of the Rock accompanied by an image of Hassan Nasrallah in the center of the billboard.

From the inception of Hezbollah to the present,[4][5][45][46][47] the elimination of the State of Israel has been one of Hezbollah's primary goals. Some translations of Hezbollah's 1985 Arabic-language manifesto state that "our struggle will end only when this entity [Israel] is obliterated", however neither the original English translation,[dubious – discuss] nor those found on Hezbollah's website include the statement. In an interview with the Washington Post, Nasrallah said "I am against any reconciliation with Israel. I do not even recognize the presence of a state that is called 'Israel.'"[48] Throughout its history, Hezbollah has made statements and actions against the United States, in part because of the United States' support for Israel.[49]

In 1993, during the Oslo peace process, Nasrallah and several other top Hezbollah generals came out staunchly opposed to any final peace agreement between the Israelis and Palestinians to the point that they accused Palestinian National Authority President Yasser Arafat of blasphemy and treachery to the Muslim people.[50]

Israel's occupation of the Shebaa Farms, along with the presence of Lebanese prisoners in Israeli jails, is often cited as justification – and invoked as a pretext, according to many[51][52][53] – for Hezbollah's continued hostilities against Israel even after Israel's verified withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000. Hezbollah's spokesperson Hassan Ezzedin, however, had this to say about an Israeli withdrawal from Shebaa Farms:

"If they go from Shebaa, we won't stop fighting them. ... Our goal is to liberate the 1948 borders of Palestine, ... The Jews who survive this war of liberation can go back to Germany or wherever they came from. However, that the Jews who lived in Palestine before 1948 will be 'allowed to live as a minority and they will be cared for by the Muslim majority.'"[54]

In a 2003 interview, Nasrallah answered questions concerning the renewed peace talks between the Palestinians and the Israelis, stating that he would not interfere in what he regarded as "... primarily a Palestinian matter." However, in his speeches to his followers, he provides rationalizations for suicide bombings.[55] Similarly, in 2004, when asked whether he was prepared to live with a two-state settlement between Israel and Palestine, Nasrallah said again that he would not sabotage what is finally a "... Palestinian matter."[4] He also said that outside of Lebanon, Hezbollah would act only in a defensive manner towards Israeli forces, and that Hezbollah's missiles were acquired to deter attacks on Lebanon.[56]

Anti-Zionism

According to Joseph Alagha, Hezbollah has declared that it distinguishes between Zionism and Judaism. It considers the Jews as People of the book and only regards the Jews living in Israel, either civilian or not, as racist Zionists. Hezbullah[who?] claims to neither discriminate against the Jews as a religion nor as a race. Alagha concluded that Hezbollah is not anti-Semitic in its overall orientation. [57]

However the group has been known to use anti-Semitic rhetoric and fallacious accusations that Jews are deliberately spreading AIDS.[58][59][60][61] The Hezbollah-owned and operated television station Al-Manar was criticized for airing "anti-Semitic propaganda" in the form of a television drama depicting a Jewish world domination conspiracy.[62][63][64] Hezbollah also used antisemitic educational materials designed for 5-year-old scouts.[65][66]

In 1996, Hezbollah called on "Muslim believers to boycott the movie" Independence Day due to the fact that a Jewish character played by Jeff Goldblum helps save the world from an alien invasion. Hezbollah called the science fiction movie "propaganda for the so-called genius of the Jews and their alleged concern for humanity." Goldblum responded that Hezbollah's anti-Jewish crusade "does not sit well with [him]."[67]

Others have attributed anti-Semitic statements to Hassan Nasrallah. Nasrallah was quoted as saying "if [Jews] all gather in Israel, it will save us the trouble of going after them worldwide."[68] However, Charles Glass believes that the quotation was likely a fabrication, citing other published accounts of the speech that had no reference to the anti-Semitic comment, and statements by the editor-in-chief of the Lebanese newspaper The Daily Star which published the quotes, that questioned both the translation and the "agenda of the translator."[69]

Amal Saad-Ghorayeb, a Shi'ite Lebanese scholar critical of Israel, devoted an entire chapter of her book Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion to an analysis of Hezbollah's anti-Jewish beliefs.[70] As evidence, she quotes Hezbollah's Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah as saying, "If we searched the entire world for a person more cowardly, despicable, weak and feeble in psyche, mind, ideology and religion, we would not find anyone like the Jew. Notice, I do not say the Israeli"[71][54] and quotes Hezbollah's Deputy-General Shaykh Na'im Qasim as saying, "The history of Jews has proven that, regardless of the Zionist proposal, they are a people who are evil in their ideas."[72] Sadd-Ghorayeb argues that although Zionism has influenced Hezbollah's anti-Judaism, "it is not contingent upon it" because Hezbollah's hatred of Jews is more religiously motivated than politically motivated.[70]

In response to the criticism, MP Abdallah Qussayr stated that "Hezbollah has never been against religions. Hezbollah supports all religions, it supports interfaith dialogue, and it has no problem with any religion. Hezbollah considers Zionism to be the enemy, not the Jews as a people or a religion."[73]

Organization

Organizational chart of Hezbollah, by Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh.
Organizational chart of Hezbollah, by Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh.

The nature of Hezbollah's organization is disputed. Many Hezbollah leaders have maintained that the movement was "not an organization, for its members carry no cards and bear no specific responsibilities,"[74] and that the movement does not have "a clearly defined organizational structure."

However, Hezbollah scholar Magnus Ranstorp reports that Hezbollah does indeed have a formal governing structure, and in keeping with the principle of velayat-e faqih, it "concentrate[s] ... all authority and powers" in its religious leaders, whose decisions then "flow from the ulama down the entire community."

The supreme decision-making bodies of the Hezbollah were divided between the Majlis al-Shura (Consultative Assembly) which was headed by 12 senior clerical members with responsibility for tactical decisions and supervision of overall Hizballah activity throughout Lebanon, and the Majlis al-Shura al-Karar (the Deciding Assembly), headed by Sheikh Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah and composed of eleven other clerics with responsibility for all strategic matters. Within the Majlis al-Shura, there existed seven specialized committees dealing with ideological, financial, military and political, judicial, informational and social affairs. In turn, the Majlis al-Shura and these seven committees were replicated in each of Hizballah's three main operational areas (the Beqaa, Beirut, and the South).[75]

Since the Supreme Leader of Iran is the ultimate clerical authority, Hezbollah's leaders have appealed to him "for guidance and directives in cases when Hezbollah's collective leadership [was] too divided over issues and fail[ed] to reach a consensus." After the death of Iran's first Supreme Leader, Khomeini, Hezbollah's governing bodies developed a more "independent role" and appealed to Iran less often.[75]

Political activities

Main article: Hezbollah political activities

Hezbollah, along with the Amal Movement, represents most of Lebanese Shia.[76] However, unlike Amal, Hezbollah has not disarmed. Hezbollah participates in the Parliament of Lebanon. In the general election of 2005, it won 10.9% of parliamentary seats. The Resistance and Development Bloc, of which Hezbollah is a member, won all 23 seats in Southern Lebanon, and in total, 35 seats, or 27.3% of parliamentary seats nationwide.[77] When municipal elections were held in the first half of 2004, Hezbollah won control of 21% of the municipalities.[44]

Hezbollah has been one the main parties of March 8 Alliance since polarization of political atmosphere of Lebanon in March 2005. Although Hezbollah had joined the new government in 2005, it remained staunchly opposed to the March 14 Alliance.[78] In November 2006, Hezbollah, the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM), and the Amal Movement jointly demanded the establishment of a "national unity government",[79][80] in which they demanded early elections and one third of the Cabinet seats; effectively, veto power.[81][82] When negotiations with the ruling coalition failed, five Cabinet Ministers from Hezbollah and Amal resigned their positions. On December 1, 2006, these groups began the 2006–present Lebanese revolt, an ongoing series of protests and sit-ins in opposition to the government of Prime Minister Fouad Siniora.

See also: 2006–2007 Lebanese anti-government revolt and 2008 unrest in Lebanon

Military activities

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Main article: Hezbollah military activities

Hezbollah has a military branch known as Al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya ("The Islamic Resistance") and is the possible sponsor of a number of lesser-known militant groups, some of which may be little more than fronts for Hezbollah itself, including the Organization of the Oppressed, the Revolutionary Justice Organization, the Organization of Right Against Wrong, and Followers of the Prophet Muhammad.[83][84]

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 called for the disarmament of militia[85] with the Taif agreement at the end of the Lebanese civil war. Hezbollah denounced, and protested against, the resolution.[10][86] The 2006 military conflict with Israel has increased the controversy. Failure to disarm remains a violation of the resolution and agreement.[87] Most of the Shia consider Hezbollah's weaponry a necessary and justified element of resistance, while less than half of the other religious communities support the idea that Hezbollah should keep its weapons after the 2006 Lebanon war.[88]

Accusations of terrorism, bomb attacks and kidnappings

Hezbollah is accused of being responsible for a number of attacks and kidnappings carried out since its founding in the early 1980s.[89][90][91] These include:

These accusations are denied by Hezbollah.[95][96][97] According to Nasrallah, Hezbollah refused any participation in operations outside Lebanese and Israeli lands before 2008.[98]

Conflict with Israel

Hezbollah has been involved in several cases of armed conflict with Israel:

  • During the 1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict, Hezbollah waged a guerrilla campaign against Israeli forces occupying Southern Lebanon. It ended with Israeli withdrawal in accordance with 1978's United Nations Security Council Resolution 425.[99] With the collapse of their supposed allies, the SLA, and the rapid advance of Hezbollah forces, they withdrew suddenly on May 24, 2000 six weeks before the announced 7 July."[23] Hezbollah held a victory parade, and its popularity in Lebanon rose.[100]
  • On July 25, 1993, following the killing of seven Israeli soldiers in southern Lebanon, Israel launched Operation Accountability (known in Lebanon as the Seven Day War), during which the IDF carried out their heaviest artillery and air attacks on targets in southern Lebanon since 1982. The declared aim of the operation was to eradicate the threat posed by Hezbollah and to force the civilian population north to Beirut so as to put pressure on the Lebanese Government to repress Hezbollah. The fighting ended when an unwritten understanding was agreed to by the warring parties. Apparently, the 1993 understanding provided that Hezbollah combatants would not fire rockets at northern Israel, while Israel would not attack civilians or civilian targets in Lebanon.[101]
  • In April 1996, the Israeli armed forces launched Operation Grapes of Wrath, which was intended to wipe out Hezbollah's base in southern Lebanon. Over 100 Lebanese refugees were killed by the shelling of a UN base at Qana, in what the Israeli military said was a mistake.[102] Finally, following several days of negotiations, the two sides signed the Grapes of Wrath Understandings on April 26, 1996. A cease-fire was agreed upon between Israel and Hezbollah, which would be effective on April 27, 1996. Both sides agreed that civilians should not be targeted, which meant that Hezbollah would be allowed to continue its military activities against IDF forces inside Lebanon.[44][103]
  • In 2000, Hezbollah attacked 3 Israeli soldiers possibly injuring or killing them and went on to abduct them.[104] Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz has, however, claimed that Hezbollah abducted the soldiers and then killed them.[105][106] The bodies of the slain soldiers were exchanged for Lebanese prisoners in 2004.[107]
  • Hezbollah's desire for Israeli prisoners that could be exchanged with Israel led to Hezbollah's abduction of Israeli soldiers, which triggered the 2006 Lebanon War.[108]
  • The 2006 Lebanon War was a 34-day military conflict in Lebanon and northern Israel. The principal parties were Hezbollah paramilitary forces and the Israeli military. The conflict started on July 12, 2006, and continued until a United Nations-brokered ceasefire went into effect on August 14, 2006. Hezbollah was responsible for thousands of Katyusha rocket attacks against Israeli civilian towns and cities in northern Israel,[90] in which Hezbollah said those attacks were retaliation for Israel's killing of civilians and targeting the Lebanese infrastructure.[109] The conflict began when Hezbollah militants fired rockets at Israeli border towns as a diversion for an anti-tank missile attack on two armored Humvees patrolling the Israeli side of the border fence, killing three, injuring two, and seizing two Israeli soldiers.[110] According to The Guardian, "In the fighting 1,200 Lebanese and 158 Israelis were killed. Of the dead almost 1,000 Lebanese and 41 Israelis were civilians."[111]

Armed strength

See also: Hezbollah rocket force

Hezbollah has not revealed its armed strength. It has been estimated by Mustafa Alani, security director at the Dubai-based Gulf Research Centre, that Hezbollah's military force is made up of about 1,000 full-time Hezbollah members, along with a further 6,000-10,000 volunteers.[112]

Hezbollah possesses the Katyusha-122 rocket, which has a range of 29 km (18 mi) and carries a 15 kg (33 lb) warhead. Hezbollah also possesses about 100 long-range missiles. They include the Iranian-made Fajr-3 and Fajr-5, the latter with a range of 75 km (47 mi), enabling it to strike the Israeli port of Haifa, and the Zelzal-1, with an estimated 150 km (93 mi) range, which can reach Tel Aviv. Fajr-3 missiles have a range of 40 km (25 mi) and a 45 kg (99 lb) warhead, and Fajr-5 missiles, which extend to 72 km (45 mi), also hold 45 kg (99 lb) warheads.[112]

According to various reports, Hezbollah is armed with anti-tank guided missiles, namely, the Russian-made AT-3 Sagger, AT-4 Spigot, AT-5 Spandrel, AT-13 Saxhorn-2 'Metis-M', АТ-14 Spriggan 'Kornet'; Iranian-made Ra'ad (version of AT-3 Sagger), Towsan (version of AT-5 Spandrel), Toophan (version of BGM-71 TOW); and European-made MILAN missiles. These weapons have been used against IDF soldiers, causing many of the deaths during the 2006 Lebanon War.[113] A small number of Saeghe-2s (Iranian-made version of M47 Dragon) were also used in the war.[114]

For air defense, Hezbollah has anti-aircraft weapons that include the ZU-23 artillery and the man-portable, shoulder-fired SA-7 and SA-18 surface-to-air missile (SAM).[115] One of the most effective weapons deployed by Hezbollah has been the C-802 anti-ship missile.[116]

During the 2006 Lebanon War, Hezbollah fired 3,970 rockets into Northern Israel in the course of a month, killing 43 Israeli civilians.[117] Hezbollah officials have stated that the group's armaments have recovered fully from the previous war; during the Divine Victory rally, held shortly after the cease-fire, Hezbollah's Secretary-General Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah declared that the group has "more than 20,000 rockets available".[118] He also spoke in retrospect of the war, saying "Tel Aviv or elsewhere, we were certain that we could reach any corner or spot in occupied Palestine and now we are certain that we can reach them." (sic)[119] Nasrallah has also implied that Hezbollah's rocket force became stronger in the months following the 2006 Lebanon War than it had been during the war itself.[120]

Targeting policy

Hezbollah has not been involved in any suicide bombing since Israel withdrew from Lebanon.[121][122] After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Hezbollah condemned Al Qaeda for targeting the civilian World Trade Center, but remained silent on the attack on the The Pentagon, neither favoring nor opposing the act.[4][123] Hezbollah also denounced the Armed Islamic Group massacres in Algeria, Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya attacks on tourists in Egypt,[124] and the murder of Nick Berg.[125] In a 2006 interview with the Washington Post, Nasrallah condemned violence against American civilians.[123]

Although Hezbollah has denounced certain attacks on Western civilians, some people accuse the organization of the bombing of an Argentine synagogue in 1994. Argentine prosecutor Alberto Nisman, Marcelo Martinez Burgos, and their "staff of some 45 people"[126] alleged that Hezbollah and their contacts in Iran were responsible for the 1994 bombing of a Jewish cultural center in Argentina, in which "[e]ighty-five people were killed and more than 200 others injured."[127] In June 2002, shortly after the Israeli government launched Operation Defensive Shield, Nasrallah gave a speech in which he defended and praised suicide bombings of Israeli targets by members of Palestinian groups for "creating a deterrence and equalizing fear." Nasrallah stated that "in occupied Palestine, there is no difference between a soldier and a civilian, for they are all invaders, occupiers and usurpers of the land."[4]

In addition, Hezbollah's television station Al-Manar airs programming designed to inspire suicide attacks in Gaza, the West Bank and Iraq.[54][128][129]

Attacks on Hezbollah leaders

Hezbollah has also been the target of bomb attacks and kidnappings. These include:

  • On July 28, 1989, Israeli commandos kidnapped Sheikh Abdul Karim Obeid, the leader of Hezbollah.[131] This action led to the adoption of UN Security Council resolution 638, which condemned all hostage takings by all sides.
  • In 1992, Israeli helicopters attacked a motorcade in southern Lebanon, killing the Hezbollah leader Abbas al-Musawi, his wife, son, and four others.[23]

Media operations

Logo of al-Manar
Logo of al-Manar

Hezbollah operates a satellite television station, Al-Manar TV ("the Lighthouse"), a radio station al-Nour ("the Light"), and a monthly magazine "Bakeyato Allah" ("The Rest of God [Imam-Mahdi]").[citation needed] Al-Manar broadcasts from Beirut, Lebanon.[133] The station was launched by Hezbollah in 1991[134] with the help of Iranian funds.[135] Al-Manar, self-proclaimed "Station of the Resistance" (qanat al-muqawama), is a key player in what Hezbollah calls its "psychological warfare against the Zionist enemy"[135][136] and an integral part of Hezbollah's plan to spread its message to the entire Arab world.[135]

Al-Manar's transmission in France is prohibited due to promotion of Holocaust denial, a criminal offense in France.[137][138][139] The United States lists Al-Manar television network as a terrorist organization.[140]

Materials aimed at instilling principles of nationalism and Islam in children are an aspect of Hezbollah's media operations.[141] The Hezbollah Central Internet Bureau released a video game in 2003 entitled Special Force, in which players conduct war on Israeli invaders, wherein the winner becomes a national hero on Earth and a martyr in Heaven.[142]

Social services

Hezbollah also organizes extensive social development programs, running hospitals, news services, and educational facilities. Social services have a central role in the party's programs. Most experts believe that Hezbollah's social and health programs are worth hundreds of millions of dollars annually.[13]

Some of its established institutions are: Emdad committee for Islamic Charity,[143] Hezbollah Central Press Office, Al Jarha Association,[144] and Jihad Al Binaa Developmental Association.[145] Jihad Al Binna's Reconstruction Campaign is responsible for numerous economic and infrastructure development projects in Lebanon.[146] Hezbollah has set up a Martyr's Institute (Al-Shahid Social Association), which guarantees to provide living and education expenses for the families of fighters who die in battle.[147] In March 2006, an IRIN news report of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs noted: "Hezbollah not only has armed and political wings - it also boasts an extensive social development program. Hezbollah currently operates at least four hospitals, twelve clinics, twelve schools and two agricultural centres that provide farmers with technical assistance and training. It also has an environmental department and an extensive social assistance program. Medical care is also cheaper than in most of the country's private hospitals and free for Hezbollah members".[13]

According to CNN: "Hezbollah did everything that a government should do, from collecting the garbage to running hospitals and repairing schools."[148] In July 2006, during the war with Israel, when there was no running water in Beirut, Hezbollah was arranging supplies around the city. "People here [in South Beirut] see Hezbollah as a political movement and a social service provider as much as it is a militia, in this traditionally poor and dispossessed Shiite community."[148] Also, after the war it competed with the Lebanese government to reconstruct destroyed areas. According to analysts like American University Professor Judith Swain Harik, Jihad al-Binaa has won the initial battle of hearts and minds, in large part because they are the most experienced in Lebanon in the field of reconstruction.[149]

Funding

Main article: Funding of Hezbollah

Hezbollah's financial support is a matter of controversy. Critics argue that it is, or has been, massively supported with tens of millions of dollars annually from the Islamic Republic of Iran.[54] Hezbollah maintains that the main source of its income comes from donations by Muslims.[150]

Lebanese Shi’ites often make zakat contributions directly after prayers and an additional donation in a Hezbollah donation box. Hezbollah also receives financial and political assistance, as well as weapons and training, from the Islamic Republic of Iran.[13][151][147] The US estimates that Iran has been giving Hezbollah about US$60-100 million per year in financial assistance.[152]

Hezbollah has relied extensively on funding from the Shi'ite Lebanese Diaspora in West Africa, the United States and, most importantly, the Triple Frontier, or tri-border area, along the junction of Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil.[153] U.S. law enforcement officials charged that smugglers of illegal cigarettes in the United States were funneling millions of dollars to Hezbollah.[154]

Foreign relations

Main article: Hezbollah foreign relations

Hezbollah has close relations with Iran.[155] It also has ties with the leadership in Syria, specifically with President Hafez al-Assad (until his death in 2000) and his son and successor Bashar al-Assad.[156] Although Hezbollah and Hamas are not organizationally linked, Hezbollah provides military training as well as financial and moral support to the Sunni Palestinian group.[157] Furthermore, Hezbollah is a strong supporter of the ongoing Al-Aqsa Intifada.[4] Whether there has been cooperation or any relationship between Hezbollah and al-Qaeda has been questioned.[158] Hezbollah's leaders deny links to al-Qaeda, present or past.[158][159] Also, some al-Qaeda leaders, like Abu Musab al-Zarqawi[160] and Wahhabi clerics, consider Hezbollah to be apostate.[161][162] But United States intelligence officials speculate that there has been contact between Hezbollah and low-level al-Qaeda figures who fled Afghanistan for Lebanon.[158][163][164]

Outside views

Lebanon’s majority Shi’a areas, where Hezbollah is most prominent.
Lebanon’s majority Shi’a areas, where Hezbollah is most prominent.

Public opinion

In much of the Arab world, Hezbollah is seen as a legitimate resistance organization that has defended its land against an Israeli occupying force and has consistently stood up to the Israeli army.[4]

According to a poll released by the "Beirut Center for Research and Information" on 26 July during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, 87 percent of Lebanese support Hezbollah's fight with Israel, a rise of 29 percentage points from a similar poll conducted in February. More striking, however, was the level of support for Hezbollah's resistance from non-Shiite communities. Eighty percent of Christians polled supported Hezbollah, along with 80 percent of Druze and 89 percent of Sunnis.[165][166]

In a poll of Lebanese adults taken in 2004, 6% of respondents gave unqualified support to the statement "Hezbollah should be disarmed". 41% reported unqualified disagreement.[167]

A poll of Gaza Strip and West Bank residents indicated that 79.6% had "a very good view" of Hezbollah, and most of the remainder had a "good view".[168]

Polls of Jordanian adults in December 2005 and June 2006 showed that 63.9% and 63.3%, respectively, considered Hezbollah to be a legitimate resistance organization.[169] In the December 2005 poll, only 6% of Jordanian adults considered Hezbollah to be terrorist.[170]

A July 2006 USA Today/Gallup poll found that 83% of the 1,005 Americans polled blamed Hezbollah, at least in part, for the 2006 Lebanon War, compared to 66% who blamed Israel to some degree. Additionally, 76% disapproved of the military action Hezbollah took in Israel, compared to 38% who disapproved of Israel's military action in Lebanon.[171] A poll in August 2006 by ABC News and the Washington Post found that 68% of the 1,002 Americans polled blamed Hezbollah, at least in part, for the civilian casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 Lebanon War, compared to 31% who blamed Israel to some degree.[171] Another August 2006 poll by CNN showed that 69% of the 1,047 Americans polled believed that Hezbollah is unfriendly towards, or an enemy of, the United States.[171]

Designation as a terrorist organization

Governments disagree on Hezbollah’s status as a legitimate political entity, a terrorist group, or both. Throughout most of the Arab and Muslim worlds, Hezbollah is highly regarded as a legitimate resistance movement.[3]

The countries below have officially listed Hezbollah in at least some part as a terrorist organization.

Flag of Australia Australia The Hezbollah External Security Organization [172]
Flag of Canada Canada The entire organization Hezbollah [173]
Flag of Israel Israel The entire organization Hezbollah [174][175]
Flag of the Netherlands Netherlands The entire organization Hezbollah [176][177]
Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom The Hezbollah External Security Organization [178]
Flag of the United States United States The entire organization Hezbollah [179]

In 1999, Hezbollah was placed on the US State Department terrorism list. After Hezbollah's condemnation of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the USA, it was removed from the list, but it was later returned to the list.[180] In 2002, US State Department official Christopher Ross was cited as explaining that while "the Hezbollah party and some of its members carried out terrorist acts in the past", "the acts that it carried out against the Israeli forces in South Lebanon were not terrorist acts."[181]

The European Union does not list Hezbollah, or any group within it, as a "terrorist" organization,[182][183] but on March 10, 2005, the European Parliament passed a non-binding resolution recognizing "clear evidence" of "terrorist activities by Hezbollah"[184] and urging the EU Council to brand Hezbollah a terrorist organization and EU governments to place Hezbollah on their terrorist blacklists, as the bloc did with the Palestinian Hamas group in 2003.[184] The Council, however, has been reluctant to do this, because France, Spain, and Britain fear that such a move would further damage the prospects for Middle East peace talks.[184] The EU Council designates the late Imad Mugniyah as a terrorist, claiming he is Hezbollah's "Senior Intelligence Officer".[182][30] In the midst of the 2006 conflict between Hezbollah and Israel, Russia’s government declined to include Hezbollah in a newly-released list of terrorist organizations, with Yuri Sapunov, the head of anti-terrorism for the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, saying that they list only organizations which represent "the greatest threat to the security of our country".[185] Prior to the release of the list, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov called "on Hezbollah to stop resorting to any terrorist methods, including attacking neighboring states."[186]

The Quartet’s fourth member, the United Nations, does not maintain such a list.[187]

Some other countries have criticized Hezbollah, citing terrorist activities, without maintaining such a list. Argentine prosecutors hold Hezbollah and their financial supporters in Iran responsible for the 1994 bombing of a Jewish cultural center, described by the Associated Press as "the worst terrorist attack on Argentine soil", in which "[e]ighty-five people were killed and more than 200 others injured."[127] On 24 February 2000, French Prime Minister Lionel Jospin condemned attacks by Hezbollah fighters on Israeli forces in south Lebanon, saying they are "terrorism" and not acts of resistance. "France condemns Hezbollah's attacks, and all types of terrorist attacks which may be carried out against soldiers, or possibly Israel's civilian population."[188] On August 29, 2006, Italian Foreign Minister Massimo D'Alema differentiated the wings of Hezbollah: "Apart from their well-known terrorist activities, they also have political standing and are socially engaged."[189][190] Germany does not maintain an independent national list of terrorist organizations, choosing instead to adopt the common EU list; however, German officials indicate that they would likely support a designation of Hezbollah as a terrorist organization.[191]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Other transliterations include Hizbullah, Hizbollah, Hezballah, Hizballah, Hisbollah, and Hizb Allah.
  2. ^ In English the stress is most commonly placed on the final syllable, as suggested in the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (this is in accord with the Persian pronunciation, of Iran); in the Arabic of Hezbollah's theatre of operations it is most commonly placed on the second syllable. Hizb (party) is the Modern Standard Arabic pronunciation, and hezb is closer to Persian and Lebanese dialect. The name is derived from a Qur’anic ayat (verse) referring to those who belong to and follow the "party of God" [1].
  3. ^ a b c d Jamail, Dahr (2006-07-20). Hezbollah's transformation. Asia Times. Retrieved on 2007-10-23.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Adam Shatz (April 29, 2004). In Search of Hezbollah. The New York Review of Books.
  5. ^ a b c d e author unknown. The Hizballah Program. provided by standwithus. com (StandWithUs). Retrieved on 2007-10-29.
  6. ^ a b Kashi, Roei. "The Stanford Review - January 12, 2007." The Stanford Review. 12 January 2007. 1 November 2007.
  7. ^ a b Stalinsky, Steven. "An Islamic Republic Is Hezbollah's Aim." The New York Sun. 2 August 2006. 1 November 2007.
  8. ^ EU lawmakers label Hizbollah 'terrorist’ group
  9. ^ Briefing: Lebanese Public Opinion
  10. ^ a b c d e Westcott, Kathryn (2002-04-04). Who are Hezbollah. BBC News. Retrieved on 2006-08-11.
  11. ^ "Huge Beirut protest backs Syria." BBC News. 8 March 2005. 7 February 2007.
  12. ^ Stack, Megan K. Lebanon boils as Hezbollah leads protest Chicago Tribune news. 24 January 2007. 7 February 2007.
  13. ^ a b c d e UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2006-03-29). LEBANON: The many hands and faces of Hezbollah. Retrieved on 2006-08-17.
  14. ^ a b Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah). Council on Foreign Relations (2002-07-17). Retrieved on 2006-10-06.
  15. ^ Deeb, Lara (2006-07-31). Hizballah: A Primer. Middle East Report. Retrieved on 2006-07-31.
  16. ^ Sachs, Susan. The New York Times. Helping Hand of Hezbollah Emerging in South Lebanon. March 30, 2000.
  17. ^ Pape, Robert (2005). Dying to win: the strategic logic of suicide terrorism. Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6317-5.  Specifically: "Suicide Terrorist Campaigns, 1980-2003", Appendix 1. (Page 253 of Australian paperback edition, published by Scribe Publications)
  18. ^ Zionism and Israel - Encyclopedic Dictionary, Hezbollah Definition
  19. ^ Hezbollah – the real story
  20. ^ "Israelis Held by the Hizbullah", Israel MFA, January 2004. Retrieved on 2006-08-07. (English) 
  21. ^ a b H. CON. RES. 190, 1st session, 101st congress (1989-08-04). Expressing the sense of the Congress over the reported murder of Lieutenant Colonel William Higgins and Hezbollah-sponsored terrorism.. The Library of Congress. Retrieved on 2006-08-08.
  22. ^ Telegraph, 2004/2/21
  23. ^ a b c d e f Timeline: Lebanon. BBC News.
  24. ^ United States Department of State, April 2005.
  25. ^ "On this day", BBC News, 1994-07-26. Retrieved on 2006-07-26. (English) 
  26. ^ a b Hizbullah: Views and Concepts
  27. ^ Statement of purpose
  28. ^ Katie Fretland (14 September 2006). Amnesty: Hezbollah committed war crimes against Israel. TheGlobeandMail.com/AP. Retrieved on 2007-05-19.
  29. ^ redirect
  30. ^ a b "COUNCIL DECISION of 21 December 2005 implementing Article 2(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001 on specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism and repealing Decision 2005/848/EC(2005/930/EC)", Official Journal of the European Union. 
  31. ^ CIVILIAN PAWNS, Laws of War Violations and the Use of Weapons on the Israel-Lebanon Border
  32. ^ ISRAEL/LEBANON "OPERATION GRAPES OF WRATH"
  33. ^ Hezbollah's Apocalypse Now
  34. ^ Thisreen (Syrian newspaper) June 21, 1999, reprinted by MEMRI Secretary General of Hizbullah Discusses the New Israeli Government and Hizbullah’s Struggle Against Israel Accessed July 30, 2006
  35. ^ The Jerusalem Post (2006-07-17). Arab world fed up with Hizbullah. Retrieved on 2006-08-17.
  36. ^ Death and destruction are Hezbollah's goals. The Boston Globe (August 8, 2006). Retrieved on March 21, 2007.
  37. ^ Who is Hezbollah, by Socialist worker online
  38. ^ Interview: Hezbollah and the Lebanon war
  39. ^ Qassem, (2005) page 39
  40. ^ Wright, Robin (2006-07-13). Options for U.S. Limited As Mideast Crises Spread. Washington Post.
  41. ^ US Department of State Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organizations Accessed August 15, 2006
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  69. ^ LRB · letters page from Vol. 28 No. 19
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  71. ^ Muhammad Fnaysh, 15 August 1997. qtd. in Saad-Ghorayeb, 2002, p. 170.
  72. ^ 'Abbas al-Mussawi, Amiru'l-Zakira, Dhu al-Hujja 1406, p. 197. qtd. in Saad-Ghorayeb, 2002, p. 174.
  73. ^ http://memritv.org/Transcript.asp?P1=570
  74. ^ al-Nahar al-Arabi walduwali, 10-16 June 1985; and La Revue du Liban, 27 July-3 August 1985. quoted in Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.41
  75. ^ a b Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.45
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  77. ^ Lebanon: Angus Reid Global Monitor
  78. ^ The Counter-revolution of the Cedars
  79. ^ "Nasrallah Warns of 'Street Demonstrations' if National Unity Government is not Formed"
  80. ^ "Aoun calls for national unity government"
  81. ^ San Francisco Chronicle (December 15, 2006). "In Lebanon, Saniora stiffens his resistance". Retrieved December 18, 2006.
  82. ^ Reuters (December 18, 2006). "Lebanon opposition demands early elections". Retrieved December 18, 2006.
  83. ^ US Department of State (1999-10-08). Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organizations. Retrieved on 2007-02-05.
  84. ^ Canada Gazette (2003-02-12). Canada Gazette Vol. 137, no 1. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.
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  86. ^ Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies (Israeli) (2005-09-07). Hezbollah has no intention to disarm. Retrieved on 2007-05-01.
  87. ^ "Hezbollah: Hezbollah and the Recent Conflict." ADL. 29 September 2006. 26 June 2007.
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  94. ^ [http://amconmag.com/2005_07_18/article.html Robert A. Pape at the University of Chicago "of those suicide attackers, only eight were Islamic fundamentalists. Twenty-seven were Communists and Socialists. Three were Christians." July 18, 2005. Verified 9 January 2007.
  95. ^ Sites, Kevin (Scripps Howard News Services). "Hezbollah denies terrorist ties, increases role in government" 2006-01-15
  96. ^ "Frontline: Target America: Terrorist attacks on Americans, 1979-1988", PBS News, 2001. Accessed 4 February 2007
  97. ^ Hezbollah again denies involvement in deadly Buenos Aires bombing BEIRUT, March 19 (AFP)
  98. ^ H.E. Sayyed Nasrallah Speech in Full: History will mark martyr Moghnieh blood as the start of the fall of "Israel"
  99. ^ UN.
  100. ^ See:
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  102. ^ History of Israel's role in Lebanon. BBC News (1998-04-01). Retrieved on 2007-10-24.
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  104. ^ Rothfeld, Michael. "War touches raw nerve for grieving parents." Newsday.com. 9 August 2006. 21 February 2008.
  105. ^ Gutman, Matthew. "Prisoner swap due to go ahead today." ProQuest Archiver. 21 February 2008
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  109. ^ The Independent - Israel widens bombing campaign as Lebanese militia groups retaliate
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  111. ^ "Israel planned for Lebanon war months in advance, PM says", Guardian, 2007-03-09. Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 
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  115. ^ Hezbollah Reportedly Acquires SA-18 SAMs. Middle East Intelligence Bulletin (April 2003).
  116. ^ Hezbollah missile threat assessed
  117. ^ http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE020252006?open&of=ENG-LBN Amnesty International: Hizbullah’s attacks on northern Israel
  118. ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=36195 Hezbollah leader appears in public
  119. ^ Al Jazeera English - News - Hezbollah 'Can Hit All Of Israel'
  120. ^ Al Jazeera English - Focus - Hezbollah: Stronger Than Ever?
  121. ^ Hezbollah Operations from the Israeli-Lebanese Border Since the Israeli Withdrawal from Lebanon
  122. ^ Timeline of Hezbollah operations
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  126. ^ Larry Luxner (2006-03-04). AMIA Probe Was Botched: Argentina. The Jewish Week. Retrieved on 2007-02-05.
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  129. ^ "Al-Manar and the War in Iraq", Middle East Intelligence Bulliten, April, 2003. Retrieved on 2006-08-24. 
  130. ^ Did A Dead Man Tell No Tales? - Printout - TIME
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  138. ^ Press Release(in French)
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  169. ^ Angus Reid Global Monitor: Polls & Research / Hamas, Hezbollah Legitimate for Jordanians. Angus Reid Global Monitor (2006-07-14). Retrieved on 2007-10-28. “Source: Centre for Strategic Studies at the University of Jordan”
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  173. ^ See:
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  175. ^ : A Pragmatic Terror Organization of Global Reach - A Snapshot (February, 2005). the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT) (2005-02). Retrieved on 2007-03-27.
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  180. ^ Lamb, Franklin. Why is Hezbollah on the Terrorism List?. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  181. ^ Ross: Hizbullah's resistance of Israel is not terrorism. arabicnews.com (2002-03-23). Retrieved on 2007-10-29. “In a statement to the Kuwaiti daily al-Rai al-Am issued on Friday, Ross said: ... "we are obliged to describe this organization by putting it in the American lists as a terrorist."”
  182. ^ a b COUNCIL COMMON POSITION 2005/847/CFSP (29 November 2005).
  183. ^ The EU's relations with Lebanon (December 2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-19.
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  185. ^ "Hezbollah not on Russia's "terrorist" list", Associated Press. Retrieved on 2007-10-27. "Sapunov told Rossiiskaya Gazeta the list of 17 "includes only those organizations which represent the greatest threat to the security of our country." Groups linked to separatist militants in Chechnya and Islamic radicals in Central Asia made the list." 
  186. ^ Haaretz Service and News Agencies. "Russian defense minister says Hezbollah uses 'terrorist methods' - Haaretz - Israel News", 2006-07-15. Retrieved on 2007-10-27. 
  187. ^ United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee Portal Accessed 7 August 2006
  188. ^ French PM lashes Hezbollah 'terrorism'
  189. ^ D'Alema: The end of unilateralism, UN back in the lead
  190. ^ Italian FM: Hezbollah, Hamas are not al-Qaida
  191. ^ Germany’s Relations with Israel: Background and Implications for German Middle East Policy Congressional Research Service (January 19, 2007)

References

Books
  • Joseph Alagha (2006). The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9053569103. 
Articles

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Hayhat Minna Zilla (Woe unto Oppression) English subtitled Manar TV commercial

Iranian Dr. Hassan Abbasi lecture "Hezbollah is Unique".

Official sites

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Arab-Israeli conflict individual participants
Lester B. Pearson • Abd al-Hakim Amer • Hosni Mubarak • Gamal Abdel Nasser • Anwar Sadat • Mahmoud Ahmadinejad • Ali Khamenei • Ruhollah Khomeini • Faisal I • Saddam Hussein • Ehud Barak • Menachem Begin • David Ben-Gurion • Moshe Dayan • Levi Eshkol • Golda Meir • Benjamin Netanyahu • Ehud Olmert • Shimon Peres • Yitzhak Rabin • Yitzhak Shamir • Ariel Sharon • Chaim Weizmann • King Abdullah I • King Abdullah II • King Hussein • Emile Lahoud • Hassan Nasrallah • Fouad Siniora • Mona Juul • Johan Jørgen Holst • Terje Rød-Larsen • Mahmoud Abbas • Yasser Arafat • Marwan Barghouti • George Habash • Ismail Haniya • Amin al-Husayni • Khaled Mashal • Abdel-Aziz al-Rantissi • Ahmed Shukeiri • Ahmed Yassin • King Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud) • King Abdullah • King Fahd • King Faisal • Folke Bernadotte • Hafez al-Assad • Bashar al-Assad • Shukri al-Quwatli • Salah Jadid • Ernest Bevin • Arthur Balfour • Tony Blair • Richard Crossman • Madeleine Albright • Ralph Bunche • George H. W. Bush • George W. Bush • Jimmy Carter • Bill Clinton • Henry Kissinger • Ronald Reagan • Condoleezza Rice • Dennis Ross • Harry S. Truman • Cyrus R. Vance
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Arab-Israeli conflict engagements
1920 Palestine riots • 1921 Jaffa riots • 1929 Palestine riots • 1936–1939 Arab revolt • 1947 Jerusalem riots • 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandate Palestine • 1948 Arab-Israeli War • 1950s terrorism against Israel • 1953 Qibya massacre • 1956 Suez Crisis • 1966 Samu Incident • 1967 Six-Day War • 1968–1970 War of Attrition • 1972 Munich Olympics massacre • 1972 Operation Wrath of God • 1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon • 1973 Yom Kippur War • 1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War • 1976 Operation Entebbe • 1978 South Lebanon conflict • 1981 Operation Opera • 1982 Lebanon War • 1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict • 1985 Operation Wooden Leg • 1987–1990 First Intifada • 1991 Gulf War • 1993 Operation Accountability • 1993-present Palestinian suicide attacks • 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath • 2000–present Al-Aqsa Intifada • 2002 Operation Defensive Shield • 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike • 2004 Operation Rainbow • 2004 Operation Days of Penitence • 2006 2006 Israel-Gaza conflict • 2006 Lebanon War • 2007 2007–2008 Israel-Gaza conflict • Operation Orchard
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Diplomacy and Peace proposals in the Arab-Israeli conflict
Damascus Protocol • Hussein-McMahon Correspondence • Sykes-Picot Agreement • 1917 Balfour Declaration • Declaration to the Seven • Anglo-French Declaration • 1919 Faisal-Weizmann Agreement • 1920 San Remo conference • 1922 Churchill White Paper • 1939 White Paper • 1947 UN Partition Plan • 1948 Establishment of Israel • 1948 UNGA Resolution 194 • 1949 Armistice Agreements • 1964 Palestinian National Covenant • 1967 Khartoum Resolution • 1967 UNSC Resolution 242 • 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 • 1973 UNSC Resolution 339 • 1974 UNSC Resolution 350 • 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 • 1978 Camp David Accords • 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 • 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty • 1979 UNSC Resolution 452 • 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 • 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 • 1983 Israel-Lebanon agreement • 1991 Madrid Conference • 1993 Oslo Accords • 1994 Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace • 1998 Wye River Memorandum • 2000 Camp David Summit • 2001 Taba Summit • 2001 UNSC Resolution 1373 • 2002 Beirut Summit and Peace Initiative • 2002 Road map for peace • 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 • 2004 UNSC Resolution 1566 • 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 • 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh Summit • 2005 Israel's unilateral disengagement plan • 2006 Palestinian Prisoners' Document • 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 • 2007 Annapolis Conference