Helmstedt-Marienborn border crossing
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The Border checkpoint Helmstedt–Marienborn (German: Grenzübergang Helmstedt-Marienborn), called Grenzübergangsstelle Marienborn (GÜSt) (border crossing Marienborn) by the German Democratic Republic (GDR), was the largest and most important border crossing on the inner German border during the division of Germany. Due to its geographical location, allowing for the shortest land route between West Germany and West Berlin, most transit traffic to and from West Berlin was handled by the Helmstedt-Marienborn crossing. Most travel routes from West Germany to East Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia also used this crossing. The border crossing existed from 1945 to 1990 and was situated near the East German village of Marienborn at the edge of the Lappwald. The crossing interrupted the Bundesautobahn 2 between the junctions Helmstedt-Ost and Ostingersleben.
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[edit] History
[edit] First checkpoints
A checkpoint was established on the site on 1 July 1945, which lay on the demarcation line between the British and Soviet occupation zones. Its scope included the interzonal railway traffic as well as the motor vehicle traffic on the Reichsautobahn between Hanover and Berlin. The checkpoint buildings were directly located on the zones' border, and consisted of little more than temporary wooden buildings.
The most important inner-German checkpoint, the Autobahn crossing at Helmstedt was called Alpha by the Western Allies. Its counterpart in the Berlin borough of Dreilinden was named Bravo. The connection between these checkpoints gained its importance from being the shortest connection between the western zones and Berlin, at 170 km (105 miles). During the Berlin Blockade, which lasted from June 1948 to May 1949, the Soviet checkpoint was closed.
From 1950 onwards, the East German Grenzpolizei (later the Grenztruppen der DDR) carried out the border control on the eastern side of the checkpoint, with the exception of the Soviet military, which handled Allied military traffic to and from West Berlin. Due to the increasing tensions between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, the border crossing was extensively expanded and security was tightened in the following years. However, the original checkpoint was eventually regarded too unsafe to operate efficiently.
[edit] Expansion in the 1970s
Between 1972 and 1974, the GDR erected a new control point on a 35 ha field situated on a hill near Marienborn, about 1.5 km east of the border. The control point was staffed with up to 1,000 passport control, customs and border police employees. The buildings were linked with an underground tunnel system through which military or police units could reach the control point quickly and in secrecy.
The Western Allies kept control over their checkpoint on the western side, with small garrisons of French, British and American troops stationed in Helmstedt. The West German Bundesgrenzschutz had taken over the operative controls on the western side of the border crossing, where the buildings were notably smaller when compared with Marienborn.
The restrictive East German controls and the ever-increasing amount of traffic soon led to notable waiting times and severe gridlock on the West German side. Therefore, the West German government focused on adding extraneous car parks and rest stops on the autobahn approach to Helmstedt. A unique quirk of German road history was the only-ever zebra crossing on an autobahn, situated on the A2 close to the border checkpoint until the late 1970s.
Border controls were loosened after the Wende in late 1989. The crossing was disbanded at midnight on June 30, 1990, exactly 45 years after its first opening. The former GDR buildings have been a listed building since October 1990, however the former GDR departures area has been demolished when the A 2 was expanded to six lanes. A rest stop with a motel has now been erected on part of the old GDR control point's area.
[edit] Checkpoint Alpha
The Helmstedt-Marienborn checkpoint was one of three checkpoints used by the Western Allies. Its western side (in the former British zone) was labelled Checkpoint Alpha after the first letter of the phonetic alphabet. The Allied side of the checkpoint between Dreilinden and Drewitz was named Bravo, while Checkpoint Charlie was the Allied checkpoint for entry into (and exit from) East Berlin.
The nomenclature of "checkpoint", as opposed to the East German "Grenzübergangsstelle" (which literally means "border crossing") was a result of the Western Allies not recognising the legitimacy of East Germany as a state. This only changed in 1973 when the GDR was admitted to the United Nations, however the term remained in use.
[edit] Division memorial
On the grounds of the former East German border control buildings, the "Gedenkstätte Deutsche Teilung Marienborn" was opened on August 13, 1996. The memorial is operated by the state of Saxony-Anhalt and features exhibitions and guided tours. The memorial site is accessible via the nearby rest stop's exit and can only be explored on foot.
The West German buildings near Helmstedt have either been torn down or are now used for other purposes.
[edit] Further reading
- Hans-Jürgen Mielke: Die Autobahn Berlin-Helmstedt, Reimer-Verlag 1984, ISBN 3-49600-787-7
- Friedrich Christian Delius and Peter Joachim Lapp, Transit Westberlin. Erlebnisse im Zwischenraum, Berlin: Ch.Links Verlag, 2000. ISBN 3-86153-198-4
[edit] Films
- Halt! Hier Grenze - Auf den Spuren der innerdeutschen Grenze, Documentary, Germany 2005
[edit] External links
- Helmstedt-Marienborn border crossing is at coordinates Coordinates:
- Gedenkstätte Deutsche Teilung Marienborn
- Sachsen-Anhalt: Gedenkstätte Marienborn
- Zonengrenzmuseum Helmstedt
