Heinkel He 177
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| He 177 | |
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| Type | Heavy bomber |
| Manufacturer | Heinkel Flugzeugwerke |
| Maiden flight | November 1939 |
| Introduced | 1942 |
| Retired | 1945 |
| Primary user | Luftwaffe |
| Number built | ~1,184 |
| Variants | Heinkel He 274 Heinkel He 277 |
The Heinkel He 177 Greif (Griffin) was a long-range bomber of the Luftwaffe. The troubled aircraft was the only heavy bomber built in relatively large numbers by Germany during World War II. Aircrews nicknamed it the Luftwaffenfeuerzeug (Luftwaffe's lighter) due to the engines' tendency to catch fire on the early versions of the aircraft.[1]
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[edit] Design
The He 177 was conceived as a result of an Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) requirement called the Bomber A specification which called for a bomber aircraft more advanced than the Dornier Do 19 or Junkers Ju 89, capable of carrying a bombload of at least 1,000 kg (2,204 lb) over a range of 6,695 km (4,160 miles). The aircraft had to possess a maximum speed of about 540 km/h (335 mph) at altitude and it had to embody sufficient structural strength to enable it to undertake medium degree (later changed to 60 degree) diving attacks. In order to meet these specifications the He 177 embodied many advanced features including coupled engines with surface evaporation cooling and small remotely controlled defensive gun barbettes.
[edit] Engines
An unusual feature of the aircraft was the use of twin engines in each nacelle driving a single propeller, as the components of a "power system". Siegfried Günther, chief designer of Heinkel, chose to use the Daimler-Benz DB 606, which consisted of two Daimler-Benz DB 601 engines coupled together to use a common propeller, in order to minimise drag. The two engines were coupled side by side in each nacelle and inclined inwards at the crankcases' upper surfaces, so that the inner cylinder banks were disposed almost vertically, a single gear casing connecting the two crankcases, and the two crankshaft pinions driving a single airscrew shaft gear. The insistence of this engine configuration stemmed directly from the RLM's determination that the He 177 should be capable of dive bombing. The use of only two propellers on a heavy bomber also offered a substantial reduction in drag and a marked improvement in maneuverability.
The paired engines had first been introduced on the single-propeller equipped Heinkel He 119 prototype reconnaissance bomber aircraft, to reduce drag where they worked well, but their extremely tight installation on the He 177 led to considerable problems, the most common being in flight engine fires and overheating. There were several reasons for the flammability of the DB 606 engine one of which was the common exhaust manifold on the two inner cylinder blocks which became excessively hot and caused the usual accumulation of oil and grease in the bottom of the engine cowling to catch fire. When the pilot throttled back there was a tendency for the injection pump to deliver more fuel than was required by the engine, in addition to which the injection pump connections leaked. In order to restrict the aircraft's weight, no firewall had been provided, and the DB 606 was fitted so close to the mainspar that there was insufficient space for the fuel/oil pipelines and electrical leads. The engine was frequently saturated by fuel and oil from leaking connections. At altitude, the oil tended to foam partly as a result of the oil pump being overly effective, and in this condition it circulated in the engines, its lubricative qualities being severely reduced. The lack of adequate lubrication resulted in the disintegration of the connecting rod bearings which burst through the engine crankcase, puncturing the oil tanks which poured their contents on to the hot exhaust pipe collector. The tightly-packed nature of the engine installations also led to very poor access to the engines. As a result of these factors, as well as a lack of routine maintenance in the field, the DB 606 easily caught fire in flight. Thus the effort to create an adequate engine to power the He 177 (such as the Junkers Jumo 222 produced too late in the war), by mechanically coupling pairs of lower-power engines, while theoretically sound, proved to be difficult and time consuming to perfect, leading to engine complications especially on the initial production models.
Starting with later versions of the He 177A-3, a modified engine nacelle with a new engine, the Daimler-Benz DB 610, was used to attempt to eliminate tendency for the engines to catch fire. Several improvements concerning cooling issues for the engines by setting a power limitation resulted in greater reliability. This modification was somewhat successful as far as engine fires were concerned but there were other minor problems with the transfer gearbox between the two engines and their shared propeller and other difficulties involving flame damper tubes.
[edit] Surface evaporation cooling
Originally, the He 177 design called for evaporative cooling in order to eliminate radiator weight and drag, but despite the immense amount of research undertaken by Heinkel into the problems of surface evaporation cooling, this feature was soon abandoned in 1939 in favor of annular radiators, one fitted directly behind each propeller, which resembled those fitted to the Junkers Jumo 211-powered versions of the Ju 88. The addition of large radiators added significantly to the aircraft's weight and drag.
[edit] Armament
Another design innovation featured by the He 177 as originally conceived was the use of three remotely controlled defensive gun turrets, which offered substantially less drag than manned turrets. Unfortunately, the perfection of these turrets was slow, and the He 177 had to be modified to accommodate larger manned positions, this requiring the fuselage to be strengthened in several locations, further increasing the aircraft's weight and drag. Most of the He 177As produced did have a single, twin MG 131 gun remote dorsal turret, located forward of the aft-located, manned dorsal turret, and sighted from a transparent dome just behind the forward cabin area.
[edit] Wings and undercarriage
The insistence on the ability to dive-bomb also led to the need to strengthen the wing structure, leading to an increase in unloaded weight, producing the need to enlarge the undercarriage, in turn increasing further the weight and causing a decrease in speed, range and carrying capacity. The requirement to dive-bomb was never satisfactorily solved and the later versions of the aircraft were produced without dive brakes.
The He 177's main gear arrangement can best be described as complex. There were four main gear struts, each with one large wheel, with the inboard and outboard retracting sets almost "meeting" under the nacelle of each of the engines when fully extended. A more conventional single-leg twin wheel arrangement for each main gear was actually used on the sole example of the He 274, and a few developments that only existed as drawings actually had tricycle landing gear setups being fitted to the He 277.
[edit] Airworthiness and Handling
British Royal Navy test pilot Eric Brown related in his book, Wings of the Luftwaffe, about the amazingly "light" handling of the He 177 A-5 version, one of which he flew as a captured aircraft late in the war. His remarks also seemed to indicate that the He 177's elevator control forces, in particular, were all too "exceptionally" light for a plane, which was no more than two feet different in wingspan and fuselage length, and with a similar empty weight, than the American USAAF's famous B-17 heavy bomber, and that reports of He 177's breaking up in flight could have been partially due to such light elevator control forces fooling He 177 pilots into thinking that they could "horseplay" with the control yoke in the pitch axis, over-stressing the Grief's fuselage to the point of structural failure.
[edit] Operational history
Beset by many other technical difficulties in development and service, the plane had a troubled life. This was in part due to overly optimistic design requirements of long range, high speed, a large bombload, and dive bomber. Though Goering forbade Heinkel to develop a version with four separate nacelles, Heinkel nevertheless produced prototypes of the Heinkel He 177B (later renamed into the Heinkel He 277) which was produced in limited numbers.
Although the He 177 entered service in 1942 it was still far from operational. As an emergency measure it was used to supply the encircled 6th Armee at Stalingrad where it was determined that it could carry a comparable payload to the appreciably smaller Heinkel He 111, and being virtually useless for the evacuation of wounded troops. As a result the He 177's reverted to bombing missions in support of the Wehrmacht in the vicinity of Stalingrad. Only thirteen missions were flown and seven of the He 177's crashed in flames without any action attributable to the enemy. Another example of problems most resources cite a special situation regarding a night attack on England: 13 aircraft took off, 1 failed to take off due to a burst tire, 8 returned with burning or overheating engines and of the remaining few that got to their target two were destroyed by enemy night fighters. What most resources neglect to cite is that these aircraft were brand new, just delivered about one week before and not even properly flown-in, the air unit just moved to a new airfield the day before and was missing lots of maintenance personnel and material.
During later operations such as Operation Steinbock (Little Blitz) with an average loss rate of 60% for each type used (Do 217, He 111, Ju 88, Ju 188), the participating He 177A-5s had a loss rate well below 10%, making them the best bomber used in this campaign. According to sources experienced crews were able to carry a 5,600 kg (12,345 lb) payload on these missions. Standard tactics for the He 177 was to climb to its service ceiling before crossing the French coast, then carry out the rest of the mission in a shallow full power dive, which allowed the aircraft to reach a speed of over 690 km/h (428 mph). The higher speed and constant change of altitude made the aircraft harder to intercept, increasing the survivability of the aircraft, but greatly decreased bombing accuracy and effectiveness.
The final end for the He 177 came in late 1944 when high grade fuel wasn't available in the quantity needed to operate a whole Geschwader and the implementation of the Emergency Fighter Program. At this point the He 177 proved to be the most reliable, rugged and technically advanced bomber of the Luftwaffe. This seems to be confirmed by post war tests on the He 177A-5 and the single long-range He 177A-7, which turned out to be impressive for the RAF. As such, the He 177 can be compared with the Boeing B-29 bomber which also took about two years to have its problems ironed out, after which it became one of the most successful bombers of aviation history. Due to the war situation in Germany the He 177 was never able to prove itself and the designs used within.
[edit] Variants
- He 177 V1
- First prototype, 8 prototypes built in total.
- He 177 A-0
- Pre-production series, 35 built.
- He 177 A-1
- First production series, 130 built.
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- He 177 A-1/R1
- He 177 A-4/R4
- He 177 A-3
- Second production series, 170 built. Sixteenth and subsequent aircraft powered by DB-610 engines.
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- He 177 A-3/R1
- Powered by two Daimler-Benz DB 606A/B piston engines.
- He 177 A-3/R2
- Modified defensive armament - MG-151 replacing MG FF cannon in nose.
- He 177 A-3/R3
- Anti-shipping version capable of using Henschel Hs 293 glide bomb.
- He 177 A-3/R4
- Fitted with FuG 203 missile-control equipment.
- He 177 A-3/R5
- Version armed with BK 7.5 75 mm gun in ventral gondola, five built.
- He 177 A-3/R7
- Torpedo bomber version abandoned in favor of the He 177 A-5, three built.
- He 177 A-4
- Proposed high altitude version later developed into the Heinkel He 274.
- He 177 A-5
- Main production version with increased maximum external bombload, 826 built.
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- He 177 A-5/R1
- He 177 A-5/R4
- He 177 A-5/R5
- He 177 A-5/R6
- He 177 A-5/R7
- Fitted with pressurized cockpit.
- He 177 A-5/R8
- He 177 A-6
- Long range, high altitude bomber with increased bombload and defensive armament. Six built as the He-177 A-6/R1. This version also had a tail turret and the capability to carry Henshel 293 missiles
- He 177 A-7
- Conversion of six He 177A-5 airframes which were modified with a 36 m wing, and with DB 610 engines instead of the intended 3,600 hp DB 613 engines.
[edit] Production
Production of the He 177 till 30 November 1944:
| Version | EHF [2] | HWO [3] | ArB [4] | Total | Production period |
| Prototypes | 8 | 8 | |||
| He 177 A-0 | 15 | 15 | 5 | 35 | |
| He 177 A-1 | 88 | 42 | 130 | January 1942 - January 1943 | |
| He 177 A-3 | 217 | 398 | 615 | November 1942 - June 1944 | |
| He 177 A-5 | 71 | 278 | 349 | December 1943 - August 1944 | |
| Total | 23 | 391 | 723 | 1,137 |
Source: Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv Freiburg
[edit] Operators
- Luftwaffe
- Fernkampfgeschwader 50
- Kampfgeschwader 1
- Kampfgeschwader 4
- Kampfgeschwader 10
- Kampfgeschwader 40
- Kampfgeschwader 100
- Kampfgeschwader 200
- Flugzeugführerschule (B) 15
- Flugzeugführerschule (B) 16
- Flugzeugführerschule (B) 31
- Wekusta/ObdL
- French Air Force operated at least two He 177A-3 abandoned by Germans and rebuilt by SNCASE at Blagnac.
- Royal Air Force
- RAE (Farnborough) tested one He 177A-5. Aircraft (formerly F8+AP from 6./KG 40) was captured by French Resistance in September 1944 at Toulouse-Blagnac airfield. Transferred to the UK was repainted with British roundels and serialled TS439.[5]
[edit] Possible survivors
During the period of the war when He 177s were based in the occupied Soviet Union, a small number of Griffins were known to have force landed on frozen lakes within that territory, which then could have sunk to those lakes' bottoms when spring thaws melted the lake ice. As no He 177s were to survive intact well past the end of the war (all known captured He 177 example aircraft, as well as the sole prototype He 274 in France, had been scrapped by the end of the 1950s) those possible sunken Griffins would be the only known surviving examples of the He 177 but none have yet been discovered as of 2007.
[edit] Specifications (He 177 A-5)
General characteristics
- Crew: 5
- Length: 22 m (72 ft 2 in)
- Wingspan: 31.44 m (103 ft 1 in)
- Height: 6.7 m (21 ft)
- Wing area: 101.5 m² (1,092 ft²)
- Empty weight: 16,800 kg (37,000 lb)
- Loaded weight: 31,000 kg (68,340 lb)
- Powerplant: 2× Daimler-Benz DB 610 (twin DB 605) 24-cylinder liquid-cooled inline engines, 2,950 hp (2,170 kW) each
Performance
- Maximum speed: 565 km/h at 6,100 m (350 mph at 21,000 ft)
- Combat radius: 1.540 km (960 mi)
- Ferry range: 5,600 km (3,200 mi)
- Service ceiling 9,400 m (30,800 ft)
- Wing loading: 319.9 kg/m² (65.6 lb/ft²)
- Power/mass: 110 W/kg (0.067 hp/lb)
Armament
- 2 x 20 mm MG 151 cannon
- 3 x MG 131 machine gun
- 3 x MG 81 machine gun
- up to 7,200 kg (15,873 lb) of bombs or 3 guided missiles Henschel Hs 293 or Fritz X
Usual configuration:
- 48 x 70 kg bombs (3,360 kg/7,405 lb total)
- 10 x 500 kg bombs (5,000 kg/11,020 lb total)
- 6 x 1000 kg bombs (6,000 kg/11,224 lb total)
- 2 x 2500 kg bombs (5,000 kg/ 1,020 lb total)
or
- 2 Hs 293 + 1 Hs293 remotely controlled missiles under the fuselage
- 2 Hs 294 + 1 Hs 294 remotely controlled glide bombs under the fuselage
- 2 PC 1400 + 1 PC 1400 gliding bomb under the fuselage
- 2 torpedoes + 2 torpedoes under the fuselage
[edit] See also
Related development
Comparable aircraft
Related lists List of military aircraft of Germany
[edit] References
[edit] Notes
[edit] Bibliography
- Chant, Christopher. Aircraft of World war II. Grange Books, 2000. ISBN 1-84013-336-8.
- Darling, Kev. Heinkel He 177 (Warpaint Series No.33). Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK: Hall Park Books Ltd., 2000.
- Griehl, Manfred and Dressel, Joachim. Heinkel He 177-277-274, Airlife Publishing, Shrewsbury, England. ISBN 1-85310-364-0.
- Hirsch, R.S.; Feist, Uwe and Nowarra, Heinz J. Heinkel 177 "Greif" (Aero Series 13). Fallbrook, CA: Auro Publishers, Inc., 1967. ISBN 0-8168-0548-2.
- Mondey, David. The Hamlyn Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor Press, 2004. ISBN 1-85152-966-7.
- Munson, Kenneth. Bombers 1939-45. London: Bounty Books, 2004. ISBN 0-7537-0919-8.
- Price, Alfred. "Heinkel He 177 Greif (Griffon)". Aircraft in Profile, Volume 11. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1972, p. 265-288.
- Price, Alfred. "He 177 Greif: The Luftwaffe's Lighter". International Air Power Review. Volume 11, Winter 2003/2004. Norwalk, Connecticut, USA: AirTime Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-880588-60-9.
- Smith, J.R. and Kay, E.L. German Aircraft of the Second World War.London: Putnam, 1972. ISBN 85177 836 4.
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