Heat engine classifications

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Contents 1 Thermodynamic cycle 2 Combustion location 3 Combustion cycles (strokes) 3.1 Fuel 3.2 Oxidizer 3.3 Combustion type 4 Heat sink 5 Working fluid 6 Expansion 7 Ignition 8 Chamber configuration 9 Piston action 10 Linear-rotary conversion 11 Lateral motion / force control 12 Fuel induction 13 Valve gear 14 Valve actuation / return 15 Valve timing 16 Ignition timing 17 Governing detection 18 Governing actuation 19 Starting method 20 Starting assist 21 Cylinder orientation 22 Multi-cylinder configuration 23 Speed 24 Ratio of stroke to bore size 25 Not yet classified 26 Influences on Engine Design 27 See also

Heat engines may be categorized in a number of different ways. The following list is divided by attributes, rather than using a “family tree” approach which would result in much duplication. An actual engine would embody some combination of the attributes listed here. A few specific engine names are included as examples of particular attributes.

This list focuses on man-made systems that transform heat energy into mechanical energy, usually by burning a fuel in or near the engine. Systems such as solar, photovoltaic, wind, geothermal, and tidal, which capitalize on sources of energy outside the engineered system, are considered minimally here.

[edit] Thermodynamic cycle

Main article: Thermodynamic cycle

1. Characteristics
   1. Open / Closed
   2. Adiabatic, isothermal, isobaric
   3. Reversible / non-reversible
   4. Chamber pressure / compression ratio: none (e.g. “atmospheric”; condensing steam), fixed, variable
2. Name
   1. Atkinson
   2. Brayton
   3. Carnot
   4. Diesel
   5. Ericsson
   6. Hirn
   7. Joule
   8. Kalina
   9. Linde-Hampson
   10. Miller
   11. Otto
   12. Rankine
   13. Stirling

v • d • e Thermodynamic cycles Cycles normally with external combustion Gas cycles without phasechange - hot air engine cycles Bell Coleman cycle · Brayton/Joule cycle; (Externally heated) · Carnot cycle · Ericsson cycle · Ported constant volume cycle[1] · Stirling cycle · Pseudo Stirling cycle (same as Adiabatic Stirling cycle) · Stoddard cycle · Vuilleumier cycle Cycles with phasechange Kalina cycle · Rankine cycle (encompasses Organic Rankine Cycle) · Regenerative cycle · Two phased Stirling cycle[2] Cycles normally with internal combustion Atkinson cycle · Brayton/Joule cycle · Diesel cycle · Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition · Lenoir cycle · Miller cycle · Otto cycle Cycle mixing Combined cycle · HEHC cycle · Mixed/Dual Cycle Not categorized Claude cycle [3] · Fickett-Jacobs cycle · Gifford-McMahon cycle [4] · Hirn cycle · Humphrey cycle · Linde-Hampson cycle

[edit] Combustion location

1. Internal
2. External

[edit] Combustion cycles (strokes)

1. Continuous: turboprop, fanjet, turbojet, rocket, ram/scram jet (including an experimental generator)
2. Pulse: valved (buzz bomb), pop-pop, Savery, detonation (Lockwood-Hiller)
3. Two stroke (Bessemer w/ crosshead; Patton w/ purge cylinder)
4. Four stroke
5. Five stroke
6. Six (Mery)
7. Eight (Aermotor)

[edit] Fuel

1. Solid: wood, coal /coal dust / fluidized bed; gunpowder, zinc, aluminum, rubber
2. Liquid: gasoline, diesel, coal oil, kerosene, jet fuel, bunker oil
3. Gas: hydrogen, acetylene, coal / producer gas, wood distillate, natural gas, LP, illuminating gas

[edit] Oxidizer

1. Air
2. Gas: oxygen, nitrous oxide
3. Part of fuel: nitromethane
4. Sulphur
5. Other: hydrogen peroxide

[edit] Combustion type

1. Flame front propagation
   1. Continuous
   2. Cyclical
2. Detonation

[edit] Heat sink

1. Internal / External
2. Medium: air, water
3. (Primary) mode: conduction, convection, radiation

[edit] Working fluid

1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas: air, helium, argon
4. Phase change: solid to liquid, liquid to gas, solid to gas
   1. Water / steam
      1. Condensing
      2. Non- condensing
         1. Freon, ammonia

[edit] Expansion

1. Simple
2. Compound

[edit] Ignition

1. Compression
2. Hot tube
3. Flame
4. Match
5. Igniter
6. Spark
   1. Make/break
   2. Hammer
   3. Magneto:
      1. Low tension, high tension
      2. Rotary, linear
      3. Continuous, impulse
   4. Battery & coil
      1. Buzz
      2. Points (timed)
      3. Electronic
      4. Piezoelectric

[edit] Chamber configuration

1. Piston-in-cylinder
   1. Cross section: round, square, arbitrary
   2. Head of piston: hemi, flat, flow-shaping
   3. Cylinder head: flat, hemi, other
2. Wankel, Watt, other rotary shapes
3. Wobble / nutate (plate forms part of chamber)
4. Turbine
5. Rocket

[edit] Piston action

1. Single-sided
2. Double-sided

[edit] Linear-rotary conversion

1. None: free piston: pile driver, pogo stick, rammer, jack hammer, Kos, rocket, gun
2. Rack & pinion / gear & sector; with ratchet
3. Crankshaft
   1. Single
   2. Dual: Fairbanks-Morse LST
   3. Triple: Deltic
4. Crank Configuration
   1. Center crank
   2. Side crank
   3. Watt
   4. Epicyclic / planetary
   5. Cam
   6. Axial: swash plate

[edit] Lateral motion / force control

1. Crosshead
2. Trunk piston
3. Oscillating cylinder
4. Radial: scotch yoke, Hale

[edit] Fuel induction

1. Hands, Shovel, conveyor, auger
2. Evaporation
3. Wick
4. Chain
5. Mixer
6. Carburetor; fixed / variable venturi (SU)
7. Explosion cup (HVID semi-diesel)
8. Injection
   1. Low pressure - throttle body, manifold
   2. High pressure - combustion chamber
      1. Single
      2. Common rail
      3. Central

[edit] Valve gear

1. None
2. Port
3. Flapper / reed
4. Sleeve: Knight
5. Rotary
6. Poppet
7. Slide
   1. Flat
      1. “D”
      2. Balanced
      3. Multi-ported
      4. Gridiron
      5. Oscillating cylinder
   2. Cylinder
      1. Piston / Axial (spool)
      2. Rotary:
         1. Corliss
            1. Detaching
            2. Positively-operated
         2. (Stoddard – Dayton)

[edit] Valve actuation / return

1. Atmospheric
2. Eccentric / crank
3. Cam
   1. Spring return
      1. Side shaft
      2. Pushrod / rocker arm
         1. Flat
         2. T-head
         3. F-head
      3. Overhead
         1. Single cam
         2. Dual cam
   2. Desmodromic (positive actuation)
4. Electromechanical: Solenoid

[edit] Valve timing

1. Fixed
2. Variable; step, continuous
   1. Timing / Phasing / Duration – intake, exhaust, both

[edit] Ignition timing

1. Inherent: glow plug
2. Fixed
3. Variable; centrifugal, vacuum, electronic

[edit] Governing detection

1. Centrifugal: Flyball, Radial weights
2. Pendulum on valve pushrod
3. Airflow from fan
4. Electronic

[edit] Governing actuation

1. None
2. Hit-or-miss
   1. Ignition
      1. spark saver
   2. Valve
3. Throttle
4. Fuel metering
5. Cylinder deactivation

[edit] Starting method

1. None required
2. Hand turn
3. Hand crank
4. Ignite in place
5. Electric motor
6. Air motor
7. Compressed air
8. Pony engine
9. Explosive cartridge

[edit] Starting assist

1. Match
2. Glow plug
   1. Manifold
   2. Combustion chamber
3. Fuel enhancer / alternate fuels: ether, gas => kerosene, diesel

[edit] Cylinder orientation

1. Vertical
2. Inclined
3. Horizontal

[edit] Multi-cylinder configuration

1. Inline
2. Ipposed
3. Radial
4. Tandem
5. Cross
6. Duplex
7. Angle / “V”

[edit] Speed

1. Low
2. Medium
3. High

[edit] Ratio of stroke to bore size

1. Short stroke: stroke < bore
2. Square: stroke = bore
3. Long stroke: stroke > bore

[edit] Not yet classified

1. Rijke tube – Thermal-Acoustic, 1850

[edit] Influences on Engine Design

These drivers / goals / constraints / figures of merit, while not necessarily characteristics of the engines themselves, greatly influence the choice of approach to an engine design:

1. Power
2. Size
3. Weight
4. Cost
   1. Initial: build, sell, install
   2. Fuel, oil & other supplies
   3. Maintenance
   4. Disposal
5. Reliability / longevity
6. Available / enabling technologies:
   1. Geology: fuels, raw materials
   2. Chemistry: refining
   3. Metallurgy
   4. Manufacturing: casting, machining, fastening/joining
7. Thermodynamics
8. Available infrastructure
9. Patents
10. Ego (“Not invented here” syndrome)
11. Perception of need
12. Esthetics: style, appearance, smell, vibration, noise
13. Environmental considerations
14. Social / Moral / Ethical / Legal / Political concerns

[edit] See also

v • d • e Thermodynamic cycles Cycles normally with external combustion Gas cycles without phasechange - hot air engine cycles Bell Coleman cycle · Brayton/Joule cycle; (Externally heated) · Carnot cycle · Ericsson cycle · Ported constant volume cycle[5] · Stirling cycle · Pseudo Stirling cycle (same as Adiabatic Stirling cycle) · Stoddard cycle · Vuilleumier cycle Cycles with phasechange Kalina cycle · Rankine cycle (encompasses Organic Rankine Cycle) · Regenerative cycle · Two phased Stirling cycle[6] Cycles normally with internal combustion Atkinson cycle · Brayton/Joule cycle · Diesel cycle · Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition · Lenoir cycle · Miller cycle · Otto cycle Cycle mixing Combined cycle · HEHC cycle · Mixed/Dual Cycle Not categorized Claude cycle [7] · Fickett-Jacobs cycle · Gifford-McMahon cycle [8] · Hirn cycle · Humphrey cycle · Linde-Hampson cycle

v • d • e Heat engines Stroke cycles One · Two · Four · Six Engine types Gas turbine · Piston · Jet · Rocket engine · Steam engine · Stirling engine Tschudi · Twingle Rotary · Wankel · Free-piston · Britalus · Coomber · Swing-piston · Orbital · Quasiturbine Valves Cylinder head porting · Corliss · D slide · Four-stroke · Manifold · Multi · Piston · Poppet · Sleeve Piston layouts Single cylinder · Straight · Opposed · Flat · V · W · H · Deltic · Radial · Rocket engine nozzle · Rotary · Stelzer · Controlled Combustion · Bourke Motion mechanisms Cam · Connecting rod · Coomber rotary · Crank · Crank substitute · Crankshaft · Linkages (Evans · Peaucellier-Lipkin · Sector straight-line · Watt) · Double acting/differential cylinder Thermodynamic cycle