Hasan bey Zardabi
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Hasan bey Zardabi (Azeri: Həsən bəy Zərdabi), born Hasan bey Salim bey oglu Malikov (12 November 1837 or 1842[1], Zardab — 15 November 1907, Zardab), was an Azerbaijani publicist, founder of the first Azeri-language newspaper Akinchi ("The Ploughman") in 1875.
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[edit] Early life
Zardabi was born in Zardab, then a small village on the Kura River to the west of Baku. He had studied in the Russian school in the city of Shamakhi and later (after receiving a government scholarship) in Tiflis before being admitted to the department of mathematics and physics at Moscow University in the 1860s. Upon graduating he was appointed administrator in the Land Survey Administration in Tiflis and afterwards in the judiciary in Guba. He quit that position to become a science teacher at a secondary school in Baku, where he established a benevolent society to help raise money to make it possible for Muslim children to receive modern education at Russo-Muslim schools.[2]
[edit] Contributions
Throughout his life, Zarbadi fought for the enlightment of Muslims in the Caucasus. Zardabi was proponent of secularism and education among Muslim population in the South Caucasus.
Initially he supported the Russian rule but later re-evaluated his estimation of Russia and the benefits of imperial rule. The emerging Azeri intelligentsia regarded Russia as channel to the European Enlightenment, criticized Islamic practices, and promoted the use of Azeri as a vehicle of local cultural expression. In their struggle for change and transformation, as Audrey Altstadt explains, the Azerbaijani intelligentsia grew to understand that it need not, indeed could not, reject its own cultural heritage.[3] Zardabi came to such a conclusion as a result of his long years in exile in the small village of Zardab.[4]
In 1873 Zardabi with another intelligentsia activist Najaf bey Vazirov staged the first Azerbaijani theatrical production based on the play by Mirza Fatali Akhundov, The Adventure of a Miser.
In 1875 he founded Akinchi, the first independent newspaper to appear in Azerbaijani language in the Russian Empire.[5]. Naming itself as Akinchi (ploughman) , this paper addressed itself primarily to the peasant reader in accordance with Zardabi's Narodnik(Populist) ideas, that was dominant in universities of Russia in that era .The preferred language of expression among literate people was Persian and they reacted with hostility to using "unprintable idiom of common folk" (Azeri). The circle of its contributors consisted mainly of Sunnis like Zardabi , whose innuendos that Persia was a backward and inhuman country provoked widespread indignation.[6]. This newspaper was shut down several times by the Russian authorities as "harmful and politically unreliable". "In Azerbaijan in the fall of 1877 the police were busy arresting a large number of educated "Tatars" (Russian administration referred to Azeris as "Tatars") for such activities as forming circles and distributing anti-government propaganda."[7] After the closure of Akinchi in 1877 Zardabi was exiled to his native village.
In 1905, however, he resumed his cultural activities by becoming a reporter for the progressive Hayat newspaper. In his articles, he called upon cultural unification of Muslims in Russia and the establishment of a unified Turkic language that will ensure progress and social development by helping Muslims move away from the tradition of writing in Persian and Arabic which, in Zardabi's view, were used by the power-hungry Muslim clergy to spread reactionism and conservatism.[2]
Zardabi died in 1907 in his home town.
Today he is regarded as one of the founders of modern Azerbaijani journalism and theatre.
[edit] Notes
- ^ (Russian) Everything Began with Akinchi by Nigar Jafarova. Nash vek. 5 August 2005. Retrieved 19 May 2007
- ^ a b Äkinjý and Azerbaijani Self-Definition by Evan Siegel. Originally published in Michael Ursinus, Christoph Herzog, & Raoul Motika (ed.), Heidelberger Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des modernen Vorderen Orients, vol. 27 (Frankfurt am Main, etc.: Peter Lang, 2001)
- ^ Audrey Altstadt. The Azerbaijani Bourgeoisie and the Cultural-Enlightenment Movement in Baku: First Steps toward Nationalism, in Ronald Grigor Suny, ed., Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1983, 1996), pp. 199-209
- ^ Austin Jersild. Rethinking Russia From Zardob: Hasan Melikov Zardabi And The "Native" Intelligentsia. Nationalities Papers, Volume 27, Issue 3 September 1999 , pages 504
- ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. p 29. ISBN: 0231070683
- ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan , Cambridge University Press,1985 , page 28
- ^ M. Kasumov, Gasanbek Zardabi - pitomets Moskovskogo universiteta, Uchenye zapiski AGU im. S.M. Kirova, No. 8, 1955, p. 58.
[edit] References
- Austin Jersild. Rethinking Russia From Zardob: Hasan Melikov Zardabi And The "Native" Intelligentsia. Nationalities Papers, Volume 27, Issue 3 September 1999 , pages 503 - 517.
- (Russian) Hasan bey Zardabi: article from the Russian Literature and Folklore encyclopædia
- Ф. Агазаде «Экинчи», Баку, 1925.
- Ш. Ф. Мамедов. Мировоззрение Гасан-бека Меликова Зардаби. Москва, 1960
- Б. З. Геюшов. Мировоззрение Г. Б. Зардаби. Бaky, 1962
