Harry Johnston
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Sir Henry (Harry) Hamilton Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B. (12 June 1858 - 31 August 1927), was a British explorer, botanist and colonial administrator, one of the key players in the "Scramble for Africa" that occurred at the end of the 19th century.
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[edit] Early Years
Born at Kennington Park, south London, he attended Stockwell grammar school and then King's College, then spent four years studying painting at the Royal Academy. In connection with his study he traveled to Europe and North Africa, visiting the little-known interior of Tunisia in 1879 and 1880.
[edit] Exploration in Africa
In 1882 he visited southern Angola with the Earl of Mayo, and in the following year met Henry Morton Stanley in the Congo, becoming one of the first Europeans after Stanley to see the river above the Stanley Pool. His developing reputation led the Royal Geographical Society and the British Association to appoint him leader of an 1884 scientific expedition to Mount Kilimanjaro. On this expedition he concluded treaties with local chiefs (which were then transferred to the British East Africa Company), in competition with German efforts to do likewise.
[edit] British colonial service and the Cape to Cairo vision
In October 1886 the British government appointed him vice-consul in Cameroon and the Niger River delta area, where a protectorate had been declared in 1885, and he became acting consul in 1887, deposing and banishing the local chief Jaja. On leave in England in 1888, he met with Lord Salisbury and apparently helped formulate the Cape to Cairo plan to acquire a continuous band of territory down Africa, which he then leaked (with Salisbury's approval) to the Times in an anonymous article "by an African Explorer".
[edit] Nyasaland (British Central Africa Protectorate)
In 1889 Johnston was sent to Lisbon to negotiate the Portuguese and British spheres of influence in southeastern Africa, then went to Mozambique as consul. From there he went to Lake Nyasa to resolve the war between Arab slave-traders and the African Lakes Trading Company. Alarm over the presence of the Portuguese Serpa Pinto triggered the Anglo-Portuguese Crisis, which ended with Johnston having Nyasaland (today's Malawi) declared the British Central Africa Protectorate, and he was made its first commissioner in 1891.
[edit] Scramble for Katanga
In 1890 acting for Cecil Rhodes and the British South Africa Company (BSAC), Johnston sent Alfred Sharpe (who would become his successor in Nyasaland) to obtain a treaty with Msiri, King of Garanganze in Katanga. This territory was in the sphere of influence of Belgian King Leopold II's Congo Free State, and though the Berlin Conference's Principle of Effectivity allowed such a move, it had the potential to precipitate an Anglo-Belgian crisis. Sharpe failed with Msiri, though he obtained treaties with Mwata Kazembe covering the eastern side of the Luapula River and Lake Mweru, and with other chiefs covering the southern end of Lake Tanganyika. In 1891 Leopold sent the Stairs Expedition to Katanga. Johnston dissuaded it from accessing Katanga through Nyasaland, but it went through German East Africa instead, and took Katanga after killing Msiri.
[edit] North-Eastern Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Johnston realised the strategic importance of Lake Tanganyika to the British, especially since the territory between the lake and the coast had become German East Africa forming a break of nearly 900 km in the chain of British colonies in the Cape to Cairo dream. However the north end of Lake Tanganyika was only 230 km from British-controlled Uganda, and so a British presence at the south end of the lake was a priority.
With Belgian, German and Portuguese frontiers to contend with, Johnston ensured that British bomas were established (in addition to those in Nyasaland) east of Luapula-Mweru at Chiengi and the Kalungwishi River, at the south end of Lake Tanganyika at Abercorn, and at Fort Jameson between Mozambique and the Luangwa valley. At these bomas he helped set up and oversee the British South Africa Company's administration in the territory which became North-Eastern Rhodesia (the north-eastern half of today's Zambia). Although he missed out in Katanga, altogether he helped to consolidate an area of nearly half a million square kilometres lying between the lower Luangwa River valley and lakes Nyasa, Tanganyika, and Mweru into the British Empire.
[edit] Later years
In 1896 in recognition of this achievement he was made a knight (KCB), but afflicted by tropical fevers, transferred to Tunis as consul-general.
In 1899 Sir Harry was sent to Uganda as special commissioner to end an ongoing war. He improved the colonial administration, and in 1900 concluded the Buganda Agreement dividing the land between the UK and the chiefs.
At the end of his life he took to writing novels. Some have put forward the unlikely theory that he was the principal model for 'The Man who loved Dickens' in the novel A Handful of Dust by Evelyn Waugh.
His sister, Mabel Johnston, married Arnold Dolmetsch, early instrument maker and member of the Bloomsbury set, in 1903.
Harry Johnston was the very model of the multi-talented African explorer; he exhibited paintings, collected flora and fauna (he was instrumental in bringing the okapi to the attention of science), climbed mountains, wrote books, signed treaties, and ruled colonial governments. Like his fellow imperialists he believed in British and European superiority over Africans, though he tended towards paternalistic governance rather than the use of brute force. These attitudes, which seem patronising today, were outlined in his book The Backward Peoples and Our Relations with Them (1920), but included his view that colonial rulers should try to understand the culture of the subjugated peoples. Consequently he was considered (by white settlers) as being unusually favorable towards the native peoples (for instance his administration was one of the first in British African colonies to train and employ Africans in the colonial service as clerks and skilled staff), and he had eventaully fallen out with Cecil Rhodes as a result.[citation needed]
The falls at Mambidima on the Luapula River were named Johnston Falls by the British in his honour.
[edit] Books
- The River Congo (1884)
- The Kilema-Njaro Expedition (1886)
- British Central Africa (1897)
- The Colonization of Africa (1899)
- The Uganda Protectorate (1902)
- The Nile Quest: The Story of Exploration (1903)
- Liberia (1906)
- George Grenfell and the Congo (1908)
- A Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages (1919, 1922)
- The Gay-Dombeys (1919) - a sequel to Dombey and Son by Charles Dickens
- Mrs. Warren's Daughter -- a sequel to Mrs. Warren's Profession by George Bernard Shaw
- The Backward Peoples and Our Relations with Them (1920)
- The Story of my Life (1923) - autobiography
- The Veneerings - a sequel to Our Mutual Friend by Charles Dickens
