Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup M
Time of origin	10,000 years BP
Place of origin
Ancestor	K
Defining mutations	P256
Typical members	People of New Guinea and Melanesia

In human genetics, Haplogroup M (P256) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

This haplogroup is found at various frequencies among populations of eastern Indonesia, Melanesia (including Papua New Guinea), Micronesia, and Polynesia. The majority of males from Papua New Guinea and Melanesia carry haplogroup M chromosomes.^[1]

It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup K, and is believed to have first appeared approximately 10,000 years ago.

[edit] Subclades

The subclades of Haplogroup M with their defining mutation, according to Karafet et al (2008) [1].

Note The 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous 2006 ISOGG tree. Before the discovery of the P256 marker, the current subgroup M1 (defined by the M4 marker) previously represented the whole of Haplogroup M; and subgroups M2 and M3 were formerly classed as subgroups K1 and K7 of the parent Haplogroup K.

- M (P256)
  - M1 (M4, M5, M106, M186, M189, P35) Typical of Papuan peoples
    - M1*
    - M1a (P34) Found in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia^[2]
      - M1a*
      - M1a1 (P51)
    - M1b (P87)
      - M1b*
      - M1b1 (M104 (P22)) Typical of populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island^[3]
        
        M1b1*
        
        M1b1a (M16)
        
        M1b1b (M83)
  - M2 (M353, M387) Found at a low frequency in the Solomon Islands and Fiji
    - M2*
    - M2a (SRY9138 (M177))
  - M3 (P117) Found in Melanesia

[edit] References

^ Karafet et al. (2008)
^ Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders, Tatiana M. Karafet, J. S. Lansing, Alan J. Redd, Joseph C. Watkins, S. P. K. Surata, W. A. Arthawiguna, Laura Mayer, Michael Bamshad, Lynn B. Jorde, and Michael F. Hammer, Human Biology (Feb. 2005)
^ Laura Scheinfeldt, Françoise Friedlaender, Jonathan Friedlaender, Krista Latham, George Koki, Tatyana Karafet, Michael Hammer and Joseph Lorenz, "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2006 23(8):1628-1641