Haplogroup CT (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup CT
Time of origin	31 to 55 thousand years BP
Place of origin	Africa
Ancestor	BT
Descendants	CF, DE
Defining mutations	P9.1, M168 and M294

In human genetics, Haplogroup CT (P9.1, M168, M294) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

Haplogroup CT contains the M168 change, which is present in all Y-chromosome haplogroups except A and B and is therefore the common ancestral type of all early migration out of Africa as per the Single origin hypothesis. The mutation is believed to have occurred 31 to 55 thousand years before present within North East Africa.^[1]

[edit] Origins

The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups excepting A and B) are P9.1, M168 and M294. These mutations predate the "Out of Africa" migration. The defining mutations of DE probably occurred in Northeastern Africa some 50,000 years ago. The M130 and M216 mutations that distinguish Haplogroup C from all other descendants of CR may have occurred somewhat later, perhaps even as early as 48,500 years ago, after the first Out of Africa migration brought Homo sapiens to the southern coast of Southwest Asia.^[2]

[edit] Subclades

Haplogroup CF (P143) Found outside of Africa, throughout Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas
- Haplogroup C (M130, M216) Found in eastern Eurasia, Oceania, Japan, and North America
  - Haplogroup C1 (M8, M105, M131) Found in Japan
  - Haplogroup C2 (M38) Found in Indonesia, New Guinea, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia
  - Haplogroup C3 (M217, P44) Found throughout Eurasia and North America, but especially among Mongols, Kazakhs, Tungusic peoples, Nivkhs, and Na-Dené-speaking peoples
  - Haplogroup C4 (M347) Found among the indigenous peoples in Australia
  - Haplogroup C5 (M356) Found in the Indian subcontinent
- Haplogroup F (M89, M213) Found throughout Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas
Haplogroup DE (M1, M145, M203) ca. 50 ka
- Haplogroup D (M174) Found in Tibet, Japan, the Andaman Islands
  - Haplogroup D1 (M15)
  - Haplogroup D2 (M55, M57, M64.1, M179, P37.1, P41.1 (M359.1), 12f2.2)
  - Haplogroup D3 (P99)
- Haplogroup E (M40, M96) Found in Africa, the Middle East, the Mediterranean
  - Haplogroup E1 (P147)
    - Haplogroup E1a (formerly E1) (M33, M132)
    - Haplogroup E1b (P177)
      - Haplogroup E1b1 (formerly E3) (P2, DYS391p)
        
        Haplogroup E1b1a (formerly E3a) (M2) Found in Africa
        
        Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly E3b) (M215) Found in East Africa (Ethiopians and Somalis), North Africa (especially Berbers and Egyptians), the Middle East, the Mediterranean (esp. Greeks, Albanians, and Italians)
  - Haplogroup E2 (M75)