Hans Kirk
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Hans Kirk (1898-1962) was a celebrated Danish author, who penned the best-selling novel of all-time in his native Denmark, The Fishermen (1928). Kirk was a long-time Communist Party member in Denmark and remained active until his death. His novels, which in addition to The Fishermen include The Day Laborers and The New Times, reflect Kirk's Marxist-influenced beliefs.
Kirk's style is noted for subtle punctuation expressions. Perhaps the most striking is the absence of quotation marks, a practice that obscures the presence of narrator/author. Long dashes are used to mark a change of time and the organization of his novels do not use chapter headings, just blank spaces between paragraphs.
Although Hans Kirk was a prolific author - in his lifetime Kirk produced eight novels, as well as short stories, essays, and radio plays - he remains relatively unknown in the United States. With the recent translations of The Fishermen, The Day Laborers, The New Times, and The Slave by University of Iowa professor Marc Linder, Kirk's novels are now available for the first time in English [1] .
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[edit] The Day Laborers and The New Times
The Day Laborers and The New Times chronicle the industrialization of an agrarian society in early 20th century Denmark. Unlike the characters in The Fishermen, the majority of the characters are not particularly religious. The novels were initially conceived of as being part of a trilogy, but Kirk's writing was interrupted by the Nazi occupation of Denmark in 1940. He was interned by the Gestapo as an enemy of Nazi Germany in 1941. He completed the manuscript for the third novel while interned, but it was discovered by the Nazis and destroyed. Despite subsequent attempts, Kirk never managed to fully reconstruct it.
[edit] The Fishermen
The Fishermen tells the collective story of a northern Jutland rural fishing village in 1920's Denmark. It is an excellent example of social realism. Its newest inhabitants are members of the Inner Mission (Indre Mission in danish) puritanical revivalist movement, and refer to themselves as "the Pious", and their beliefs are often at odds with the less rigid Grundtvigian villagers. As the Pious adjust to life in their new village, they struggle with economic hardship and personal upheaval, while trusting that any and all outcomes are God's will. Kirk himself was an atheist; however, in writing The Fishermen, he wished to show the connection between religion, economics, and politics in rural life. Kirk attempted to understand rather than condemn the Pious movements popularity in rural Denmark, by examining how they made sense of their socioeconomic conditions outside of a political framework. His portrayal of the Pious can be read as deeply sympathetic.
The Fishermen was reworked eight times, before its final version. While Kirk's extensive revisions of The Fishermen was a process of choice; he would be forced to completely rewrite later works.
The Fishermen was adapted into a six hour film by Danish state television [[2]]in 1977. [[3]]
| List of characters in The Fishermen |
|---|
| Aaby--teacher |
| Adolfine--Laust Sand's stepdaughter/Mads Langer's wife |
| Brink, Henrik--Grundtvigian pastor |
| Brink, Sofie--Pastor Brink's wife |
| Bundgaard, Lars--West Coast fisherman |
| Bundgaard, Malene--Lar's wife |
| Bundgaard, Karl--Lars and Alma's son |
| Bundgaard, Teodor--Lars and Alma's son |
| Dorre--Laust Sand's sister |
| Esben--Katrine's father |
| Fabian, P.L.--dry goods merchant |
| Fabian, Maria--Fabian's wife |
| Hygum, Peder--hawker |
| Hygum, Laura--Peder's wife |
| Hygum, Peder and Laura's daughter |
| Jensen, Thomas--West Coast fisherman |
| Jensen, Alma--Thomas's wife |
| Jensen, Maren--Thomas and Alma's daughter |
| Katrine--hotel maid/Esben's daughter/Kock's wife |
| Kjeld--Tea Ron's brother |
| KjØng, Anders--Lars Bundgaard's laborer |
| Knopper, Anton--West Coast fisherman |
| Knopper, Andrea--Martinus Povlsen's daughter/Anton's wife |
| Knopper, Little-Martinus--Anton and Andrea's son |
| Knud--carpenter |
| Kock--customs official/shoemaker/innkeeper |
| Kolby, Jens--fjord fisherman |
| Koldkjær, Mogens--Thora's father |
| Langer, Mads--stoker/Laust Sand's nephew/Adolfine's husband |
| Mogensen, Mrs.--innkeeper/laundry owner |
| Povlsen, Karl--fjord fisherman |
| Povlsen, Mrs.--Karl's wife |
| Povlsen, Martinus--Andrea's father |
| RØn, Jens--West Coast fisherman |
| RØn, Tea--Jens's wife |
| RØn, Little-Niels--Jens and Tea's son |
| RØn, Martin--Jen and Tea's son |
| RØn, Tabita--Jens and Tea's daughter |
| Sand, Laust--West Coast fisherman |
| Spliid, Jorgen--fjord fisherman |
| Terndrup--Inner Mission pastor |
| Thomas, Kresten--West Coast Inner Mission pastor |
| Thora--Mogens Koldjaer's daughter/Kjeld's wife |
| Toft, Lars--fjord fisherman |
| Toft, Laurids--Povl Vrist's laborer |
| Væver, Niels--fjord fisherman |
| Vrist, Povl--West Coast fisherman |
| Vrist, Mariane--Povl's wife |
| Baker |
| Consumer co-op manager |
| County magistrate |
| County sheriff |
| Farmer |
| Police chief |
[edit] Selected Works
The Fishermen ISBN 0-9673899-2-5
The Slave ISBN 0-9673899-4-1
The Day Laborers/New Times ISBN 0-9673899-6-8
[edit] Notes
Linder, Marc (2000). Introduction. In Hans Kirk, The Fishermen (pp. v-xxiv). Iowa City, IA: Fanpihua Press.
see also: Linder, Marc (2002). God Tempers The Wind To The Shorn Lamb by Mogens Klitgaard. ISBN 0-9673899-8-4
