Hanna Reitsch
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Hanna Reitsch (29 March 1912 – 24 August 1979) was a German aviatrix who was once Adolf Hitler's personal pilot, and was the only woman awarded the Iron Cross First Class and Luftwaffe Diamond Clasp during World War II. She is perhaps best remembered for her desperate flight to reach Hitler in his bunker during the Battle of Berlin at the end of World War II. Reitsch was the first female to fly a helicopter, fly a rocket plane, fly a jet fighter and fly a glider over the Alps. She set over forty aviation altitude and endurance records during her career, both before and after WWII, and several of her international gliding records are still standing to this day. Reitsch was born in Hirschberg, Silesia. The daughter of an ophthalmologist, she studied to become a medical doctor and in 1932 began her aviation career.
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[edit] Early career
In 1937 Reitsch was posted to the Luftwaffe testing centre at Rechlin-Lärz Airfield by Ernst Udet. She was a test pilot on the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka and Dornier Do 17 projects. Reitsch was the first female helicopter pilot and one of the few pilots to fly the Focke-Achgelis Fa 61, the first fully controllable helicopter. Her flying skill, desire for publicity and photogenic qualities made her a star of Nazi party propaganda. In 1938 she made nightly flights of the Fa 61 helicopter inside the "Deutschlandhalle" at the Berlin Motor Show.
With the outbreak of war in 1939 Reitsch was asked to fly many of Germany's latest (and by some accounts, increasingly desperate) designs. Among these were the rocket-propelled Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and several larger bombers on which she tested various mechanisms for cutting barrage balloon cables. After crashing on her fifth Me 163 flight Reitsch was badly injured but reportedly insisted on writing her post-flight report before falling unconscious and spending five months in hospital. Reitsch became Adolf Hitler's favourite pilot and was one of only two women awarded the Iron Cross First Class during World War II. Reitsch became close to former fighter pilot and high ranking Luftwaffe officer Robert Ritter von Greim who became her life partner. In 1944 Reitsch learned of the atrocities in concentration camps through Peter Riedel who was air attaché in Sweden.[1]
[edit] V-1
The film Operation Crossbow began a popular myth that early guidance and stabilization problems with the V-1 Flying Bomb were solved during a daring test flight by Reitsch in a V-1 modified for manned operation. However, in her autobiography Fliegen, Meine Liebe Reitsch recalled other test pilots had been killed or gravely injured while trying to land the piloted version of the V1 (known as the Reichenberg), so she made test flights late in the war to learn why and found the craft's extremely high stall speed was thwarting test pilots, who had no experience landing at extremely high speeds. Reitsch's background with the very fast Me163 along with simulated landings at a safe high altitude led her to a successful landing of the Reichenberg, but only at over 200 km/h.
[edit] Führerbunker
During the last days of the war Reitsch was asked to fly her intimate companion Colonel-General Robert Ritter von Greim into embattled Berlin to meet with Hitler. Red Army troops were already in the downtown area when Reitsch and von Greim arrived on 26 April in a Fieseler Fi 156 Storch. With her long experience at low altitude flying over Berlin Reitsch landed on an improvised airstrip in the Tiergarten near the Brandenburg Gate (Greim was wounded in the leg when Red Army soldiers fired at the light aircraft during its approach). They made their way to the Führerbunker where Hitler promoted von Greim to Hermann Goering's former command of a now wholly defunct Luftwaffe.During the intense Russian bombardment, Hitler gave Reitsch a vial of poison for herself and another for von Greim. She accepted the vial willingly, fully prepared to die alongside her Fuhrer.[2] On Hitler's orders, she escaped Berlin with von Greim during the evening of 28 April, flying the last German plane out of Berlin, shortly before the fall of the city, by flying out through heavy Soviet anti-aircraft fire.
[edit] Capture
Reitsch was soon captured along with von Greim and the two were interviewed together by American military intelligence officers. When asked about being ordered to leave the Fuhrerbunker on 28 April 1945 Reitsch and von Greim reportedly repeated the same answer, "It was the blackest day when we could not die at our Führer's side." Reitsch also said, "We should all kneel down in reverence and prayer before the altar of the Fatherland." When the interviewers asked what she meant by "Altar of the Fatherland" she answered, "Why, the Führer's bunker in Berlin..."[3] She was held and interrogated for eighteen months. Her companion, von Greim, committed suicide on May 24. Her father killed her mother, her sister, and her sister's children, before killing himself during the last days of the war after expulsion by the Polish from their hometown of Hirschberg.
[edit] Later flying career
Following her release, Reitsch settled in Frankfurt am Main. After the war German citizens were forbidden from flying but within a few years gliding was allowed. In 1952 Reitsch won third place in the World Gliding Championships in Spain (and was the only woman to compete). She continued to break records including the women's altitude record (6,848 metres) and became German champion in 1955.
During the mid-1950s Reitsch was interviewed on film and talked about her wartime flight tests of the Fa 61, Me 262 and Me 163. In 1959 She was invited to India by prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru to begin a gliding centre. In 1961 Reitsch was invited to the White House by US president John F. Kennedy. From 1962 to 1966 she lived in Ghana where she founded the first black African national gliding school.[4]
Throughout the 1970s Reitsch broke gliding records in many categories, including the "Women's Out and Return World Record" twice, once in 1976 (715 km) and again in 1979 (802 km) flying along the Appalachian Ridges in the United States. During this time, she also finished first in the women’s section of the first world helicopter championships [5] and became the first woman to cross the Alps in a glider.
Reitsch died in Frankfurt at the age of 67 on 24 August 1979 following a heart attack. She never married during her lifetime.
[edit] Portrayal in the media
Hanna Reitsch has been portrayed by the following actresses in film and television productions.
- Diane Cilento in the 1973 British film Hitler: The Last Ten Days.[6]
- Myvanwy Jenn in the 1973 British television production The Death of Adolf Hitler.[7]
- Anna Thalbach in the 2004 German film Downfall (Der Untergang).[8]
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
[edit] References and notes
- ^ Martin Simons, Peter Riedel, a Full Life, 1988
- ^ William L. Shirer "The Rise And Fall of The Third Reich", p.1454Insert footnote text here
- ^ Page 234, The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, Hans Dollinger, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047
- ^ The school was commanded by JES de Graft-Hayford
- ^ wwiihistorymagazine.com, Profiles, May 2005, retrieved 6 May 2008
- ^ Hitler: The Last Ten Days (1973) (English). IMDb.com. Retrieved on May 8, 2008.
- ^ The Death of Adolf Hitler (1973) (TV) (English). IMDb.com. Retrieved on May 8, 2008.
- ^ Untergang, Der (2004) (English). IMDb.com. Retrieved on May 8, 2008.
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