Hand scraper
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A hand scraper is a single-edged tool used to scrape metal from a surface. This may be required where a surface needs to be trued, corrected for fit to a mating part, needs to retain oil (usually on a freshly ground surface), or even to give a decorative finish.
Surface plates were traditionally made by scraping. Three raw cast surface plates, a flat scraper (as pictured at the top of the image) and a quantity of bearing blue(or Red Lead) were all that was required in the way of tools. Methodology, skill, patience and tenacity was to be supplied by the tradesman.
The scraper in the center of the image is a three corner scraper and is typically used to deburr holes or the internal surface of bush type bearings. Bushes are typically made from bronze or a white metal.
The scaper pictured at the bottom is a curved scraper. It has a slight curve in its profile and is also suitable for bush bearings, typically the longer ones.
The task of scraping has been the bane of most engineering apprentices, however its versatility and appropriateness far outweighs the hard work it requires, or is perceived to require. Its effective use requires skill and concentration. An often overlooked advantage of scraping is the ability to take the tool to the workpiece. When the workpiece weighs several tons and towers head and shoulders over the worker, the apprentice's solution of chucking it on the mill is impractical, if not outright impossible. A skilled craftsman can wield a scraper and turn out work that is the envy of his peers; it just takes more time than the usual methods.
The man who scrapes is called a "hand". It is done by using a precision surface such as a surface plate or a straight edge as a standard (a straight edge in this context is not a ruler it is a miniature surface plate of extreme accuracy). A professional scraping tool will be a special made tool, not an old file. The standard is coated with a very thin coating of some material such as Prussian blue. The work piece and standard are touched together by gravity alone and the high spots on the work piece will be colored by the dye on the standard. These high spots are scraped off and the process repeated until there is an even spread of high spots which total about 60% or more of the surface area. If desired the surface can then be “Frosted”. A surface prepared in this way is superior to any prepared by machining or grinding operations, although lapping can equal it. Grinding and machining stresses the metal thermally and mechanically, scraping and lapping do not.
Scraping is the only method for producing an original set of flat surfaces from which one can transfer that accuracy through to other surfaces by means of grinding. Lapping and grinding do not achieve the long distance flatness scraping can, as they act on the entire surface rather than local high or low spots.
Although well done scraping provides an extra measure of accuracy, for most applications it does not matter. A ground lathe bed or milling machine ways are perfectly adequate for almost all types of work.
With precision ground surfaces, any oil film applied to the surface will lack the means to adhere to the surface, especially between two mating parts of exceptional finish. The oil film will be swept away leaving nothing but bare metal and the risk of seizure. Carefully scraping the surface will leave the original high quality surface intact, but provide many shallow depressions where the oil film can maintain its depth and surface tension. When scraping is used for this purpose it is more accurately called "Frosting", "Spotting" or "Flaking" as opposed to actually fully scraping an accurate surface. Typically a scraped surface is scraped to highly accurate flatness and then "frosting" is applied over it for oil retention. The advantage of this oil retention "frosting" is debatable. It is claimed to stop the so called "stick-slip" phenomenon where a machine member might move in a jerky fashion rather than moving smoothly. Such frosting will definitely increase oil retention but will also drastically reduce bearing area and capacity. There is no possibility of achieving hydrodynamic bearing performance on normal sliding machine ways. The velocity is far too low. Most of the time the ways will run under boundary lubrication conditions while at the highest speeds it might achieve mixed lubrication. This makes oil additives important in ways lubrication.
Scraping leaves a distinctive pattern on the surface. The marks of scraped ways are an indicator of precision in the ways. Absence of these markings, on some classes of machine, indicate an inferior product. Many manufacturers add "frosting" to machine ways on lower-cost models, which is a superficial surface treatment designed to give the impression of a scraped machine way.
[edit] References
- Making Accurate Straight-Edges from Scratch, using three surfaces
- Scraping methods.
- Hand Scraping Class.
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