Halobacterium

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Halobacterium

Halobacterium sp. strain NRC-1, each cell about 5 μm in length.

Domain:	Archaea
Phylum:	Euryarchaeota
Class:	Halobacteria
Order:	Halobacteriales
Family:	Halobacteriaceae
Genus:	Halobacterium Elazari-Volcani, 1957

Species

H. jilantaiense
H. noricense
H. salinarum
H. sp.
H. sp. 1TK1
H. sp. 1TK2
H. sp. 1TK3
H. sp. 2-24-2
H. sp. 2-24-3
H. sp. 2-24-4
H. sp. 2-24-5
H. sp. 2-24-6
H. sp. 2-24-7
H. sp. 2Ma3
H. sp. 3KYS1
H. sp. 5Mm6
H. sp. 7Sb5
H. sp. 9R
H. sp. arg-4
H. sp. AS133
H. sp. AS28
H. sp. AS7092
H. sp. AUS-1
H. sp. AUS-2
H. sp. GRB
H. sp. HM01
H. sp. HM02
H. sp. HM11
H. sp. HM13
H. sp. HM3
H. sp. HPC1-2
H. sp. HSC3
H. sp. JCM 9447
H. sp. JP-6
H. sp. LCKS000-Isolate10
H. sp. LCKS000-Isolate39
H. sp. LCKS200-Isolate33
H. sp. NCIMB 714
H. sp. NCIMB 718
H. sp. NCIMB 720
H. sp. NCIMB 733
H. sp. NCIMB 734
H. sp. NCIMB 741
H. sp. NCIMB 765
H. sp. SG1
H. sp. SP3(2)
H. sp. TG1
H. sp. XH3
uncultured Halobacterium sp.

Synonyms

Flavobacterium (subgen. Halobacterium) Elazari-Volcani 1940
Halobacter Anderson 1954
Halobacter
Halobacterium Elazari-Volcani 1957
not "Halobacterium" Schoop 1935 (nomen nudum)

Note: The word "halobacterium" is also the singular form of the word "halobacteria".

In taxonomy, Halobacterium is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae.^[1]

The genus Halobacterium ("Salt" or "Ocean Bacterium") consists of several species of archaea with an aerobic metabolism which require an environment with a high concentration of salt; many of their proteins will not function in low-salt environments. They grow on amino acids in their aerobic conditions. Their cell walls are also quite different from those of bacteria, as ordinary lipoprotein membranes fail in high salt concentrations. In shape, they may be either rods or cocci, and in color, either red or purple. They reproduce using binary fission (by constriction), and are motile. Halobacterium grows best in a 42 degree Celsius environment. The genome of an unspecified Halobacterium species has been sequenced and comprises 2,571,010 bp (base pairs) of DNA compiled into three circular strands: one large chromosome with 2,014,239 bp, and two smaller ones with 191,346 and 365,425 bp. This species, called Halobacterium sp. NRC-1, has been extensively used for post-genomic analysis. Halobacterium species can be found in the Great Salt Lake, the Dead Sea, Lake Magadi, and any other waters with high salt concentration. Purple Halobacterium species owe their color to bacteriorhodopsin, a light-sensitive protein which provides chemical energy for the cell by using sunlight to pump protons out of the cell. The resulting proton gradient across the cell membrane is used to drive the synthesis of the energy carrier ATP. Thus, when these protons flow back in, they are used in the synthesis of ATP (this proton flow can be emulated with an increase in pH outside of the cell, causing a flow of H⁺ ions). The bacteriorhodopsin protein is chemically very similar to the light-detecting pigment rhodopsin, found in the vertebrate retina.

1 Genera of Halobacterium
2 References
3 Further reading
4 External links

[edit] Genera of Halobacterium

Halobacterium cutirubrum
Halobacterium denitrificans
Halobacterium distributum
Halobacterium halobium
Halobacterium lacusprofundi
Halobacterium mediterranei
Halobacterium noricense
Halobacterium pharaonis
Halobacterium saccharovorum
Halobacterium salinarum
Halobacterium sodomense
Halobacterium trapanicum
Halobacterium vallismortis
Halobacterium volcanii

[edit] References

^ See the NCBI webpage on Halobacterium. Data extracted from the NCBI taxonomy resources. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved on 2007-03-19.

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Scientific journals

DasSarma, S., B.R. Berquist, J.A. Coker, P. DasSarma, J.A. Müller. 2006. Post-genomics of the model haloarchaeon Halobacterium sp. NRC-1. Saline Systems 2:3.

Judicial, Commision of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes: (2005). "The nomenclatural types of the orders Acholeplasmatales, Halanaerobiales, Halobacteriales, Methanobacteriales, Methanococcales, Methanomicrobiales, Planctomycetales, Prochlorales, Sulfolobales, Thermococcales, Thermoproteales and Verrucomicrobiales are the genera Acholeplasma, Halanaerobium, Halobacterium, Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, Methanomicrobium, Planctomyces, Prochloron, Sulfolobus, Thermococcus, Thermoproteus and Verrucomicrobium, respectively. Opinion 79". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55: 517–518. PMID 15653928.

Oren A, Ventosa A (2000). "International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Halobacteriaceae. Minutes of the meetings, 16 August 1999, Sydney, Australia". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50: 1405–1407. PMID 10843089.

[edit] Scientific books

DasSarma, S. 2004. Genome sequence of an extremely halophilic archaeon, in Microbial Genomes, pp. 383-399, C.M. Fraser, T. Read, and K.E. Nelson (eds.), Humana Press, Inc, Totowa, NJ.

Lynn Margulis, Karlene V.Schwartz, Five Kingdoms. An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth (W.H.Freeman, San Francisco, 1982) pp. 36-37

Gibbons, NE (1974). "Family V. Halobacteriaceae fam. nov.", in RE Buchanan and NE Gibbons, eds.: Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th ed., Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co..

Elazari-Volcani, B (1957). "Genus XII. Halobacterium Elazari-Volcani, 1940", in RS Breed, EGD Murray, and NR Smith, eds.: Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 7th ed., Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co., 207–212.