Halitgar
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Halitgar (Halitgarius, Halitgaire) was a ninth-century bishop of Cambrai (in office 817-831). He is known also as an apostle to the Danes, and the writer of a widely-known penitential.
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[edit] Life
In 822 he travelled to Denmark as a missionary with Ebbo of Rheims and Willeric of Bremen, though not to great immediate effect.[1] In 823 he was dedicating the church and relics of St Ursmer at Lobbes[2]. In 825, with Amalarius of Metz, he carried the conclusions of a Paris synod on iconoclasm to Louis the Pious[3]. He went as ambassador to Byzantium in 828[4].
[edit] De Paenitentia
His De Paenitentia laid down qualities Christians should aspire to in their lives.[5]. He discussed a distinction between killing in warfare (a sin), and in self-defense in battle.[6][7] Heavy penances for homosexual acts were imposed on older men[8]. The work is also a source for information about surviving pagan practices[9].
It was written in five volumes, at Ebbo's request[10]. Ebbo's intention was to have a normative penitential; Halitgar set aside tariffs of penances for exhortations[11][12] This work and the two attributed to Hrabanus Maurus were considered to supersede those written before, and were very influential, particularly in pre-Norman England[13]. At this point, "the books used by confessors began to consist more and more of instructions in the style of the later moral theology"[14].
His sources have been much debated:
- material from Gregory the Great, Prosper of Aquitaine, the Collectio Acheriana[10]
- the Canons of Elvira and other old collections[11]
- Julianus Pomerius[15]
- a source common to Halitgar, the Collectio Quadripartita, and the penitential writings of Hrabanus Maurus][16]
[edit] References
- Die altenglische Version des Halitgar'schen Bussbuches : (sog. Poenitentiale pseudo-Ecgberti), Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1964
- Raymund Kottje (1980), Die Bussbucher Halitgars von Cambrai und des Hrabanus Maurus: Ihre Uberlieferung und ihre Quellen
[edit] Notes
- ^ Carole M. Cusack, Conversion among the Germanic Peoples (1998), p. 135.
- ^ http://users.skynet.be/bk342309/Lobbes/page7.html, in French.
- ^ Rosamund McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians (1983), p. 133.
- ^ New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. V: Goar - Innocent | Christian Classics Ethereal Library
- ^ Philippe Ariès, Paul Veyne, Georges Duby, A History of Private Life (English translation 1987), p. 536.
- ^ Frederick H. Russell, The Just War in the Middle Ages (1975), p. 31.
- ^ Janet L. Nelson, The Frankish World, 750-900 (1996), p. 78.
- ^ Jody Madeira, Rebuilding the Closet: Bowers v. Hardwick, Lawrence v. Texas, and the Mismeasure of Homosexual Historiography(PDF), p. 10
- ^ John T. McNeill, Folk-Paganism in the Penitentials, The Journal of Religion, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Oct., 1933), pp. 450-466.
- ^ a b New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. II: Basilica - Chambers | Christian Classics Ethereal Library
- ^ a b Henry Charles Lea, A History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church I (1896), p. 105.
- ^ Michael Lapidge, Anglo-Saxon England (2003), p. 227.
- ^ Thomas Pollock Oakley, English Penitential Discipline and Anglo-Saxon Law in Their Joint Influence (2003), p. 31.
- ^ Canon law - LoveToKnow 1911
- ^ David Ganz, The Ideology of Sharing p. 26 in Property and Power in the Early Middle Ages (1995) edited by Wendy Davies, Paul Fouracre.
- ^ Ghostly Recensions in Early Medieval Canon Law: The Problem of the Collectio Dacheriana and its Shades, The Legal History Review, Volume 68, Numbers 1-2, January, 2000
