User:Guzfermi/Sandbox

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[edit] aktionsart or lexical aspect of some Polish verbs

I learned Polish years ago and have fallen long out of practice but one of the most interesting things that I remember was the lexical aspects of some Polish verbs. For example - "Ja idę do universitetu." - I am going to the University (once). Ja chodzę na universiteczej.

The tenses include:

	Imperfect	Imperfect	Perfect
Action	Determinate	Indeterminate
go on foot	iść	chodzić	pójść
go by vehicle	jechać	jeździć	pojechać
carry on foot	nieść	nosić	zanieść
carry by vehicle (transport)	wieźć	wozić	zawieźć
lead	wieść	wodzić	zawieść
fly	lecieć	latać	polecieć
swim/sail	płynać	pływać	popłynać
run	bieć	biegać	pobieć
crawl	leźć	łazić	poleźć, wleźć

The same routine applies to the 2nd conjugation, as in chodziç chodz´ chodzisz walk: Sg. Pl. chodz´ chodzisz b. Sg. Pl. chodz´ chodzisz chodzà c. Sg. Pl. chodz´ chodzimy chodzisz chodzicie chodzi chodzà

THE ASPECT OF VERBS OF MOTION The Polish basic verbs of motion ‘go’ and ‘carry’ distinguish between motion under one’s own power and motion by vehicle or other conveyance. In addition, these and certain other Imperfective basic verbs of motion make a distinction as to whether the action is on-going (Determinate) or habitual (Indeterminate). To an extent, the Determinate form corresponds to the English verb form in -ing. The full set of contrasts may be illustrated only by verbs of ‘going’ and ‘carrying’: ‘go’: Imperfective: Meaning: Determinate: Indeterminate: go on foot, walk iÊç id´ idziesz chodziç chodz´ chodzisz go by vehicle, ride jechaç jad´ jedziesz jeêdziç je˝d˝´ jeêdzisz ‘carry’: Imperfective: Meaning: Determinate: Indeterminate: carry nieÊç nios´ niesiesz nosiç nosz´ nosisz carry by vehicle, transport wieêç wioz´ wieziesz woziç wo˝´ wozisz 292 11. VERBAL ASPECT Examples: Gdzie teraz idziesz? Where are you going now? Cz´sto chodz´ do teatru. I often go to the theater. Jedziemy do Krakowa o ósmej. We are going to Cracow at eight. Jeêdzimy najch´tniej pociàgiem. We like best to go by train. Mo˝esz nieÊç gΠow´ wysoko. You can carry your head high. Ona nosiΠa dziecko na r´kach. She used to carry her child in her arms. Schody ruchome wiozà nas na gór´. An escalator carries us upstairs. Wo˝´ córk´ do szkoΠy codziennie o siódmej. I drive my daughter to school every day at seven. The verb nosiç also means ‘wear’: Nie wiedziaΠem, ˝e nosisz okulary. I didn’t know you wore glasses. Nosisz zawsze t´ samà koszul´. You’re always wearing the same shirt. Verbs displaying the Determinate-Indeterminate distinction include: Determinate: Indeterminate: biec biegn´ biegniesz run biegaç biegam biegasz iÊç id´ idziesz go chodziç chodz´ chodzisz jechaç jad´ jedziesz ride jeêdziç je˝d˝´ jeêdzisz lecieç lec´ lecisz fly lataç latam latasz leêç lez´ leziesz crawl* Πaziç Πa˝´ Πazisz nieÊç nios´ niesiesz carry nosiç nosz´ nosisz pΠynàç pΠyn´ pΠyniesz swim pΠywaç pΠywam pΠywasz wieÊç wiod´ wiedziesz lead* wodziç wodz´ wodzisz wieêç wioz´ wieziesz transport woziç wo˝´ wozisz

• The verbs leêç crawl and wieÊç lead are uncommon in their unprefixed forms, peΠzaç

and prowadziç, respectively, being used instead.