Guangdong Romanization
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Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese spoken varieties of Chinese. The schemes utilized similar elements with some differences in order to adapt to their respective spoken varieties.
In certain respects, Guangdong romanization resembles the Mandarin Hanyu pinyin in its distinction of the alveolar initials z, c, s from the alveolo-palatal initials j, q, x, and in its use of b, d, g to represent the unaspirated plosive consonants /p t k/. In addition, it makes use of the medial u in the final before the rime rather than representing it as w in the initial when it follows g or k.
Guangdong romanization makes use of diacritics to represent certain vowels. This includes the use of the circumflex, acute accent, and umlaut in the letters ê, é, and ü, respectively. In addition, it uses -b, -d, -g to represent the coda consonants /p t k/ rather than -p, -t, -k like other romanization schemes in order to be consistent with their use as unaspirated plosives in the initial. Tones are marked by superscript numbers rather than by diacritics.
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[edit] Cantonese
The scheme for Standard Cantonese is outlined in "The Cantonese Transliteration Scheme" (simplified Chinese: 《广州话拼音方案》; traditional Chinese: 《廣州話拼音方案》; pinyin: Guǎngzhōuhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn). It is referred to as the Canton Romanization on the LSHK character database. Although not as popular as other Cantonese romanization schemes such as Yale, Standard Cantonese Pinyin Schemes and Jyutping, it is still used in certain publications, particularly in works released in the People's Republic of China regarding Cantonese.
[edit] Initials
| b /p/ |
p /pʰ/ |
m /m/ |
f /f/ |
| d /t/ |
t /tʰ/ |
n /n/ |
l /l/ |
| g /k/ |
k /kʰ/ |
ng /ŋ/ |
h /h/ |
| z /ts/ |
c /tsʰ/ |
s /s/ |
|
| j /tɕ/ |
q /tɕʰ/ |
x /ɕ/ |
|
| y /j/ |
w /w/ |
Unlike the other Cantonese romanziation schemes, Guangdong romanization indicates a difference between the alveolar consonants z, c, s and the alveolo-palatal consonants j, q, x. Standard Cantonese typically does not differentiate these two types of consonants because they are allophones that occur in complementary distributions. However, speech patterns of most Cantonese speakers do utilize both types of consonants and the romanization scheme attempts to reflect this.
- z, c, and s are used before finals beginning with a, e, o, u, ê, and é.
- j, q, and x are used before finals beginning with i and ü.
Some publications may not bother with this distinction and will choose just one set or the other to represent these consonants.
[edit] Finals
Finals consist of an optional medial and an obligatory rime.
[edit] Medials
The only recognized medial glide in the Cantonese Guangdong romanization is u, which occurs in syllables with initials g or k and rimes that begin with a, e, i, or o. In other romanization schemes, this medial is usually grouped along with the initial as gw and kw, but Guangdong romanization attempts to preserve it as a medial. For simplicity, the u is sometimes grouped with the initials anyway as gu and ku.
The u medial can occur without an initial, but in that case it is considered the same as the initial w. The same is true for the medial i, which is only recognized as the initial y.
[edit] Rimes
| a /aː/ |
ai /aːi/ |
ao /aːu/ |
am /aːm/ |
an /aːn/ |
ang /aːŋ/ |
ab /aːp/ |
ad /aːt/ |
ag /aːk/ |
| ei /ɐi/ |
eo /ɐu/ |
em /ɐm/ |
en /ɐn/ |
eng /ɐŋ/ |
eb /ɐp/ |
ed /ɐt/ |
eg /ɐk/ |
|
| é /ɛː/ |
éi /ei/ |
éng /ɛːŋ/ |
ég /ɛːk/ |
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| i /iː/ |
iu /iːu/ |
im /iːm/ |
in /iːn/ |
ing /ɪŋ/ |
ib /iːp/ |
id /iːt/ |
ig /ɪk/ |
|
| o /ɔː/ |
oi /ɔːi/ |
ou /ou/ |
on /ɔːn/ |
ong /ɔːŋ/ |
od /ɔːt/ |
og /ɔːk/ |
||
| u /uː/ |
ui /uːi/ |
un /uːn/ |
ung /ʊŋ/ |
ud /uːt/ |
ug /ʊk/ |
|||
| ê /œː/ |
êü /ɵy/ |
ên /ɵn/ |
êng /œːŋ/ |
êd /ɵt/ |
êg /œːk/ |
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| ü /yː/ |
ün /yːn/ |
üd /yːt/ |
||||||
| m /m̩/ |
ng /ŋ̩/ |
- When i begins a rime in a syllable that has no initial, y is used as the initial.
- When u begins a rime in a syllable that has no initial, w is used as the initial.
- When ü begins a rime in a syllable that has no initial, y is used as the initial and the umlaut is omitted.
- When ü begins a rime in a syllable with initial j, q, or x, the umlaut is omitted.
- The rime êü can be written as êu, without the umlaut over the u.
- The rimes m and ng can only be used as standalone nasal syllables.
[edit] Tones
There are nine tones in six distinct tone contours in Cantonese. In Guangdong Romanization, on may represent the entering (入 rù) tones either together with tones 1, 3, and 6, as in the other Cantonese romanization schemes, or separately as tones 7, 8, and 9. Syllables with entering tones correspond to those ending in -b, -d, or -g.
| Tone name | Yīn Píng (陰平) |
Yīn Shàng (陰上) |
Yīn Qù (陰去) |
Yáng Píng (陽平) |
Yáng Shàng (陽上) |
Yáng Qù (陽去) |
Yīn Rù (陰入) |
Zhōng Rù (中入) |
Yáng Rù (陽入) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tone name in English | high level or high falling | mid rising | mid level | low falling | low rising | low level | entering high level | entering mid level | entering low level |
| Contour | 55 / 53 | 35 | 33 | 21 / 11 | 13 | 22 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 1 (7) | 3 (8) | 6 (9) |
| Character Example | 分 | 粉 | 訓 | 焚 | 奮 | 份 | 忽 | 發 | 佛 |
| Example | fen1 | fen² | fen³ | fen4 | fen5 | fen6 | fed1 | fad³ | fed6 |
[edit] Examples
| Traditional | Simplified | Romanization |
|---|---|---|
| 廣州話 | 广州话 | guong² zeo1 wa² |
| 粵語 | 粤语 | yud6 (or yud9) yu5 |
| 你好 | 你好 | néi5 hou² |
[edit] Teochew
The scheme for the Teochew dialect of Min Nan is outlined in "The Teochew Transliteration Scheme" (simplified Chinese: 《潮州话拼音方案》; traditional Chinese: 《潮州話拼音方案》; pinyin: Cháozhōuhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn). This scheme (and another similar scheme which is based upon this scheme) is often referred to as Peng'im, which is the Teochew pronunciation of pinyin.
This scheme is the romanization scheme currently described in the Teochew (dialect) article.
[edit] Hakka
The scheme for Hakka is outlined in "The Hakka Transliteration Scheme" (simplified Chinese: 《客家话拼音方案》; traditional Chinese: 《客家話拼音方案》; pinyin: Kèjiāhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn). The scheme describes the Meixian dialect, which is generally regarded as the de facto standard dialect of Hakka.
This scheme is the romanization scheme currently described in the Hakka (linguistics) article.
[edit] Hainanese
The scheme for Hainanese is outlined in "The Hainanese Transliteration Scheme" (simplified Chinese: 《海南话拼音方案》; traditional Chinese: 《海南話拼音方案》; pinyin: Hǎinánhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn).
[edit] External links
- 廣州話拼音方案 - GuangZhou Dialect (Cantonese) Romanisation Scheme
- 潮州話拼音方案 - ChaoZhou Dialect Romanisation Scheme
- 梅縣話拼音方案 - Meixian Dialect ( 客家 / Kejia / Hakka ) Romanisation Scheme
[edit] References
- Yang, Mingxin (杨明新) (1999). A Concise Cantonese-English Dictionary (简明粤英词典). Guangdong Higher Education Publishing House (广东高等教育出版社). ISBN 7-5361-2350-7.
