Greyhound Racing Association
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Greyhound Racing Association (GRA) is a private company involved in the management of sports venues.
It currently operates six sites:
Contents |
[edit] History
[edit] Early History
Greyhound racing was developed from coursing in 18th century Britain. The first official coursing club was the Swaffham Coursing Society in Norfolk, England, which put on its first event in 1776.
Modern Greyhound racing emerged was effectively developed by Owen Patrick Smith, the chamber of commerce director in Hot Springs, South Dakota in the early years of the 20th century. He had been involved in organising local coursing events but didn't like the sport which he felt was inhumane. He began to look for a way to make the sport less bloody using an artificial lure.
After much trial and error, Smith attracted investors and perfected an artificial lure system in 1912. His tracks allowed for six greyhounds to race at a time, and were circular instead of straight. Whilst it took some time for the concept to be fully developed and put into practice, by the 1920s, his greyhound racing tracks were spread across the country and attracted thousands of visitors.
Modern greyhound racing was developed in England by the GRA. An American businessman named Charles A. Munn had secured the rights from Smith for artificial-lure racing in England in the early 1920s. Together with three key players he formed the Greyhound Racing Association Trust Ltd in August 1925.
In addition to Munn, the four founders of the company were Brigadier General Alfred C Critchley a Canadian-born flying veteran from the first world war; Major L Lyne Dixson, a noted coursing judge; Sir William Gentle, a retired chief constable.[1] Whilst Gentle was the first company chairman, it was Critchley who took the reins of the company as managing director and provided the energy and vision to take it forward.
The North West of England was chosen to introduce the sport to the country, most likely hoping that the area's coursing tradition would make it attractive to the local population. On 14th October 1925 the Association took a seven-year lease on land at the northern end of Kirkmanshulme Lane (an old brickfield), Manchester at an annual rent of £276, leased from the adjacent Belle Vue Zoo.[2]. With capital of £22,000, of which £8,000 was borrowed, Belle Vue stadium was built on the land. The stadium opened on 27th July. Although the attendance at the first meeting was disappointing, by the end of the first season in October, thirty seven meetings had been held, with an average attendance of 11,000.
In 1927, Greyhound racing was taken to London with the acquisition of the near-derelict White City Stadium. GRA also moved its headquarters to White City from Belle Vue at the same time.
The company's sophisticated commercial structure was quickly evident. From the earliest a complex set of subsidiaries and joint holdings characterised the company structure. The ownership of the Belle Vue track was actually in the hands of a subsidiary, Greyhound Racing Trust (Manchester) Ltd. In many cases Critchley and his co-directors owned a controlling or significant interest in these subsidiaries.
By the end of 1927 the company had acquired an interest in 18 racing tracks[3]. Its relationship to many of these tracks was affiliation, rather than full ownership.[4]. Nonetheless, in November 1927, just two years after the company was formed they were able to report that 4,500,000 people had passed through their turnstiles giving gross receipts of £500,000.[3]. In the same month the company was approaching its shareholders with plans to take the company public. To effect this plan a new entity, The Greyhound Racing Trust Ltd, was formed. Whilst Critchley and Munn were still directors of this new company, Lyne Dixson no longer featured and Gentle had been replaced by Major General, the Lord Loch, as chairman. The new company issued its prospectus in December of the same year.
Diversification also came quite early in the company's history as they quickly adapted their venues for use as speedway tracks. In 1936 it diversified further by acquiring land nest to its stadium in Harringay, north London and building the short-lived Harringay Arena.
The first major challenge for the company came with the 1934 Betting Act which stipulated that greyhound tracks must plan their programme a year in advance and hold no more than 104 meeting a year (two a week). It also required that tracks in the same neighbourhood must hold their meetings on the same evening.
Nonetheless, given the novelty of the sport the GRA, and the industry in general, was able to weather both this and the disruption brought about by the ensuing war.
[edit] Post-war development
Popularity of greyhound racing boomed in the post-war years with 25 million people passing through the turnstiles nationwide each year.[5]
The 1960 Betting and Gaming Act heralded the end of the sport's popularity. The legislation set up the conditions for alternatives to track-betting by allowing the opening of bingo halls, casinos and betting shops. The development of high street betting meant that people could now bet without having to visit to the track. The Act also subjected greyhound track operators and the Greyhound Tote to much higher tax rates than the betting shops.
By the end of the decade attendances had declined to 10 million visitors a year. Although this meant that greyhound racing was still the country's second most popular sport after football, it was a dramatic decline on attendances after the war.
Presaged by the sale of the Harringay Arena in 1958, the company soon moved to support it share price in the face of falling attendance by focussing the market on the value of its property portfolio. In the summer of 1969 in renamed it itself the Greyhound Racing Property Trust. This move together with a contemporaneous improvement of tax conditions for the industry by Chancellor Jim Callaghan saw the GRA's share price improve dramatically.
Despite this, in the fifties and sixties the GRA's strategy was to buy up tracks which raised the value of the company’s stock. This continued into the early seventies when the price of property boomed. The company renamed itself GRA Property Trust in the summer of 1969 in order to focus the stock market on the potential of its property portfolio and support its share price.
Foreseeing that industry rationalisation would be required, the company embarked on a strategy that would allow them to control this phase, buying up competing tracks. As part of this spate of buying, in March 1972, GRA Property Trust acquired Wimbledon Stadium, its flagship venue today.
In this period, the GRA also began to apply for planning permission of some of its London sites to secure their development value. However, a slump in the property market caused shares in property companies to free-fall. At the beginning of 1975 GRA Property Trust was suspended from the Stock Exchange following news of debts said to be in the region of £20 Million.
The company survived in part through a mid-eighties sale of a number of leading GRA venues, including Slough, Shawfield, Harringay,and Powderhall.
In 1987 GRA was the subject of a £68.5million reverse takeover by Wembley Stadium. Wembley assumed control of GRA and in February 1988 GRA Group was renamed Wembley plc.
During the 1990s the Company went through a period of reorganisation and modernisation and 1998 GRA purchased Oxford Stadium. 2003 saw the acquisition of another new track, Perry Barr, in north Birmingham. At the same time the Catford Stadium track was closed.
In 2005 Ltd GRA was sold by Wembley PLC to venture capitalists Risk Capital Partners Ltd for £50m.
[edit] References
- ^ Gentle was also Chairman of the neighbouring Belle Vue Gardens and Zoo
- ^ The Guardian, Page 13, April 1st, 1926
- ^ a b The Guardian, Page 15, November 21st, 1927
- ^ The Guardian, Page 16, November 16th, 1927
- ^ Business Observer, Page 12, February 15th, 1970.
[edit] Sources
- Nicholls, Robert [1992]. The Belle Vue Story. Manchester: Neil Richardson. ISBN 1852160705.
- Greyhound Racing Association
- Ticher, Mike (2002). The Story of Harringay Stadium and Arena. Hornsey Historical Society. ISBN : 0 905794 29 X.
