Gregoria de Jesus
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| Gregoria de Jesus | |
 Portrait of Gregoria de Jesus
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| Born | 15 May 1875 Caloocan, Philippines |
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| Died | 15 March 1943 (aged 67) Manila, Philippines |
| Spouse | Andrés Bonifacio (1893 – 1897) Julio Nakpil (1898 – 1943) |
Gregoria de Jesus (15 May 1875 – 15 March 1943), also known as Aling Oriang,[1] was the founder and vice-president of the women's chapter of the Katipunan of the Philippines.[2] She was also the custodian of the documents and seal of the Katipunan.[1] She married Andrés Bonifacio, the supremo of the Katipunan, and played a major role in the Philippine Revolution.[1] She is regarded as "The Mother of the Philippine Revolution" by Filipinos.[3] She has one son from Andrés Bonifacio and five children from Julio Nakpil.
[edit] Early life
Gregoria de Jesus was born in the city of Caloocan, in the Filipino province of Rizal to a Catholic middle-class family.[4] Her father, Nicolas de Jesus, was a carpenter who later served as a gobernadorcillo.[1] As a young girl, she was an exceptional student and a silver medal recipient in an examination organized by the governor general and parish priest. When she became a secondary school student, she was induced by her parents to stay home and look after her younger sister and the family's farm, since both of her older brothers moved to Manila to continue their education.[1][4]
[edit] Philippine Revolution
When Gregoria de Jesus was only 18 years old, Andrés Bonifacio fell in love with her and wanted to marry her.[5] He revealed his intentions to her parents, but her father refused and was against their marriage because Andrés was a Freemason. After almost six months, she had fallen in love with him. She revealed that to her father and asked for his approval on their marriage and the father agreed.[4]
In March 1893, she married Andrés Bonifacio at the Catholic Church of Binondo. A week later, they were married again in the presence of the Katipuneros, who did not approve of their marriage in a Catholic Church.[4] On the evening of the same day, the women’s chapter of the Katipunan was formed, and she was appointed its vice-president and the custodian of the Katipunan documents. She was designated the code name "Lakambini" (Tagalog for goddess or Muse) and swore to remain loyal to the Katipunan's holy purposes.[4][5] The Spanish police usually came unannounced, and Gregoria used to gather all the documents and drive her car all night and return only when it is safe.
A year later, she returned to her family's house, because she was pregnant. She gave birth to their only son, who she christened Andrés, after her husband.[4] Two months later, during the Holy Week of 1896, Gregoria and her husband returned to Manila to find their house destroyed by a fire. The couple were forced to live in friends' and family houses, but had to move quickly from house to house. A few months later, their child, Andrés, died of small pox.[5]
On 19 August 1896, the Katipunan was exposed and its secrets were revealed by Teodoro Patino, a dissatisfied Katipunero.[5] The Spanish forces reacted quickly to halt the revolution. Many Filipinos were arrested, jailed, and shot, but Andrés and Gregoria were hiding. The Spanish government was able to tighten its surveillance over the Katipunan. The remaining Katipuneros gathered and planned an attack on a Spanish gunpowder storehouse. With an army of almost 800 men, the Katipuneros were successful in their first attack, and were encouraged to advance to Manila, but the Katipunan powers were defeated by the Spanish forces, and hundreds of the Katipuneros were killed and captured.[5] Furthermore, an inner conflict between Andrés and Aguinaldo, another leader of the Katipunan, had weakened them. On 8 May 1897, Andrés was captured by Aguinaldo's officers, and was sentenced to death.[5][4]
After Bonifacio's death, Gregoria was able to escape capture. She left to the Pasig mountains and it was there that she met Julio Nakpil, a commander of the Katipunan troops in Northern Philippines. The two fell in love with each other, and were married in a Catholic church on 10 December 1898 in Manila.[4] After the end of the Philippine Revolution and after peace was restored in the Philippines, Gregoria lived with her husband and six children in a house with a well-known Filipino philanthropist, Dr. Ariston Bautista, and his wife, Petrona Nakpil. The doctor took good care of her and her children and helped raise them and educate them.[4]
Gregoria de Jesus died in 1943 during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines.[3]
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e Excerpt. Santiago, Lilia Quindoza (1997). Tales of Courage & Compassion: Stories of Women in the Philippine Revolution. HASIK inc..
- ^ Jesus, Gregoria de. Filipino Women. Solidarity Philippines Australia Network. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
- ^ a b The Katipunera (autobiography). MSC. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Jesus, Gregoria de. The Katipunera (autobiography). Filipinas Heritage Library. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
- ^ a b c d e f Excerpt. Medina, Isagani (1992). Great Lives - Andrés Bonifacio. Tahanan Books. ISBN 971-630-005-9.
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