Greene's Tu Quoque

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Greene's Tu Quoque, also known as The City Gallant, is a Jacobean era stage play, a comedy written by John Cooke. The play was a major popular success upon its premier, and became something of a legend in the theatre lore of the seventeenth century.

Cooke's play was performed by Queen Anne's Men at the Red Bull Theatre in 1611. The play satirizes Coryat's Crudities, the travelogue by Thomas Coryat published in that year. The company's leading clown, Thomas Greene, played the role of Bubble in the play, and his rendering of Bubble's repeated catch phrase "Tu quoque" (Latin for "you also" or, colloquially, "the same to you") captured the fancy of the contemporary audience. The play was performed twice at Court, on December 27, 1611 and February 2, 1612 (Candlemas night), before King James I and Queen Anne; Greene, acting for his troupe, received a payment of £20 for the two performances on June 18, 1612 (which shows how long the players sometimes waited for money from their royal patrons). By that date in the summer of 1612, Cooke's play had already lost its original title; the Court records refer to the work as Tu Coque.[1] When the play was first published, in a 1614 quarto issued by the bookseller John Trundle,[2] the work was called Greene's Tu Quoque, or The City Gallant; and it was under its ad hoc title that the play maintained its fame. The first edition bore a picture of Greene, in costume, on its title page. A second quarto was printed in 1622 for stationer Thomas Drew, and a third, undated quarto followed sometime later, perhaps by 1628.

The play's text contains a bit of meta-theater, in that Greene in the role of Bubble refers to himself during performance:[3]

Geraldine: Why, then, we'll go the the Red Bull: they say Greene's a good clown.
Bubble: Greene! Greene's an ass.
Scattergood: Wherefore do you say so?
Bubble: Indeed I ha' no reason; for they say he is as like me as ever he can look.

Ben Jonson would work the same trick in 1616 in his The Devil is an Ass, by referring in his text to actor Richard Robinson, who starred in the original production.

Greene's Tu Qouque would likely have become a key item in the Queen's Men's repertory, except for the unfortunate death of Thomas Greene in August 1612. The play was revived by the Queen of Bohemia's Men and performed at Court on January 6, 1625 before Prince Charles. In the Restoration period, Sir William Davenant produced his own adaptation of Cooke's play in 1667; Samuel Pepys saw it on September 12 of that year. Davenant's version was not published in its own era, and no copy of it has survived. Francis Kirkman's 1662 volume The Wits uses a frontispiece that alludes to the play: a picture of a clown peeking out from behind a curtain is captioned "Tu quoque."

Virtually nothing is known of the original author; he is identified as "Io. Cooke" on the title page of the 1614 quarto, and for many years scholars were not even sure if his name was John or Joshua.[4] The first quarto bears an Epistle to the Reader by Thomas Heywood, which indicates that Cooke was dead by 1614.

Greene's Tu Quoque gives a rich picture of everyday life in its era; it "uses tennis rackets, tobacco pipes, cards, dice and candles to establish a life of debauchery in visual terms...and a begging-basket with scraps of food to symbolize the natural result...."[5] The play's stark picture of debtors' prison is noteworthy. The drama is lavish in its use of costume and the details of the mercer's trade in the London of its time.[6]

Cooke's play can be classed with other prodigal-son plays of its era, like Eastward Ho and The Roaring Girl. It tells a double version of the story: the citizen Spendall, as his name indicates, wastes his patrimony and is reduced to poverty and prison. Bubble enjoys the reverse fortune, coming into money — yet he remains true to his master, the gentlemanly Staines, mourning the man's decline and urging him to repair his fortunes...by robbery ("if we be taken, we'll hang together at Tyburn"). The high-living Staines loses his estate to a usurer in a foreclosed debt; the usurer dies and passes his wealth to his nephew...Bubble. In a reversal of roles, Staines becomes Bubble's servant. Staines gets his revenge by making Bubble a pretentious fool, worse than the natural fool he already was. Through a series of disguises and cheats, Staines eventually manages to reverse his situation, till he is the master and Bubble the servant once again.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Chambers, Vol. 4, p. 178.
  2. ^ The play was published without an entry in the Stationers' Register, which was unusual though not unprecedented. Trundle (whose shop bore the sign of "the Nobody") would publish A Fair Quarrel three years later, in 1617, also without a Register entry.
  3. ^ Leggatt, p. 97.
  4. ^ Chambers, Vol. 3, p. 269
  5. ^ Leggatt, p. 57.
  6. ^ MacIntyre, pp. 266-7; Leggatt, p. 66.

[edit] Sources

  • Chambers, E. K. The Elizabethan Stage. 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923.
  • Howard, Jean Elizabeth. Theatre of a City: The Places of London Comedy, 1598–1642. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.
  • Leggatt, Alexander. Jacobean Public Theatre. London, Routledge, 1992.
  • Leinwand, Theodore B. Theatre, Finance, and Society in Early Modern England. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • MacIntyre, Jean. Costumes and Scripts in the Elizabethan Theatres. Edmonton, AB, University of Alberta Press, 1992.