Grassmann's law

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For Grassmann's law in color theory, see Grassmann's law (optics).

Grassmann's law, named after its discoverer Hermann Grassmann, is a dissimilatory phonological process in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit which states that if an aspirated consonant is followed by another aspirated consonant in the next syllable, the first one loses the aspiration. The descriptive version was described for Sanskrit by Pāṇini.

Here are some examples in Greek of the effects of Grassmann's Law:

  • [tʰu-ɔː] θύω 'I sacrifice (an animal)'
  • [e-tu-tʰɛː] ἐτύθη 'it was sacrificed'
  • [tʰrik-s] θρίξ 'hair'
  • [trikʰ-es] τρίχες 'hairs'
  • [tʰap-sai] θάψαι 'to bury (aorist)'
  • [tʰapt-ein] θάπτειν 'to bury (present)'
  • [tapʰ-os] τάφος 'a grave'
  • [tapʰ-ɛː] ταφή 'burial'

In the reduplication which forms the perfect tense in both Greek and Sanskrit, if the initial consonant is aspirated, the prepended consonant is unaspirated by Grassmann's Law. For instance [pʰu-ɔː] φύω 'I grow' : [pe-pʰuː-ka] πέφυκα 'I have grown'.

The fact that deaspiration in Greek took place after the change of Proto-Indo-European *bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ to /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/, and the fact that no other Indo-European languages have Grassmann's law, has been argued to show that Grassmann's law developed independently in Greek and Sanskrit, i.e. that it was not inherited from PIE[1]

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[edit] Diaspirate roots

Cases like [tʰrik-s] ~ [trikʰ-es] and [tʰap-sai] ~ [tapʰ-ein] illustrate the phenomenon of diaspirate roots, for which two different analyses have been given.

In one account, the "underlying diaspirate" theory, the underlying roots are taken to be /tʰrikʰ/ and /tʰapʰ/. When an /s/ (or word edge, or various other sounds) immediately follows, then the second aspiration is lost, and the first aspirate therefore survives ([tʰrik-s], [tʰap-sai]). If a vowel follows the second aspirate, it survives unaltered, and therefore the first aspiration is lost by Grassmann's Law ([trikʰ-es], [tapʰ-os]).

A different analytical approach was taken by the ancient Indian grammarians. In their view, the roots are taken to be underlying /trikʰ/ and /tapʰ/. These roots persist unaltered in [trikʰ-es] and [tapʰ-ein]. But if an /s/ follows, it triggers an "aspiration throwback" (ATB), in which the aspiration migrates leftward, docking onto the initial consonant ([tʰrik-s], [tʰap-sai]).

In his initial formulation of the law, Grassmann briefly referred to ATB to explain these seemingly aberrant forms. However, the consensus among contemporary historical linguists is that the former explanation (underlying representation) is the correct one.

In the later course of Sanskrit, (and under the influence of the grammarians) ATB was applied to original monoaspirates through an analogical process. Thus, from the verb root /gah/ ('to plunge'), the desiderative stem /jigʱakʰa-/ is formed. This is by analogy with the forms /bubʱutsati/ (a desiderative form) and /bʱut/ (a nominal form, both from the root /budʱ/ 'to be awake'), originally PIE *bʰudʰ-).

[edit] Other languages

Grassmann's Law is also known to occur in Ofo, an extinct and underdocumented Siouan language. The law is found in compounds such as the following:

  • o´skha ('the crane') + afhaⁿ´ ('white') → oskạfha ('the white egret')

A similar phenomenon occurs in Meitei (a Tibeto-Burman language) in which an aspirated consonant is deaspirated if preceded by an aspirated consonant (including /h/) in the previous syllable. The deaspirated consonants are then voiced intervocalically.

  • /tʰin-/ ('pierce') + /-khət/ ('upward') → [tʰingət] ('pierce upwards')
  • /səŋ/ ('cow') + /kʰom/ ('udder') → [səŋgom] ('milk')
  • /hi-/ ('trim') + /-tʰok/ ('outward') → [hidok] ('trim outwards')

[edit] References

  1. ^ See discussion in Collinge (1985:47-61)

[edit] Bibliography