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- See also Vizier.
Grand Vizier, Sadr-ı Azam (Sadrazam) or Serdar-ı Ekrem (in Ottoman Turkish: صدر اعظم or وزیر اعظم), deriving from the originally Persian word "Vizier" (وزير) was the greatest minister of the Sultan with absolute power of attorney and, in principle, dismissable only by the Sultan himself. He held the imperial seal and he could convene all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state, their whole conference being called "Kubbealtı viziers" (viziers of (under) the dome) in reference to the architecture of their meeting place.
[edit] Etymology
Grand Vizier, Vazīr-e Azam, is also the official Urdu title of the Pakistani Prime Minister (Ministers are titled "vizier").
During the nascent phases of the Ottoman state, "Vizier" was the only title used. The first of these Ottoman Viziers who was titled "Grand Vizier" was Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha. The purpose in instituting the title "Grand Vizier" was to distinguish the holder of the Sultan's seal from other viziers who seconded him. The initially more frequently used title of "vezir-i âzam" was gradually replaced by "sadrazam", both meaning grand vizier in practice. Throughout Ottoman history, the grand viziers have also been termed under such titles as "sadr-ı âlî (high vizier)", "vekil-i mutlak (absolute attorney)", "sâhib-i devlet (holder of the state)" ,serdar- ekrem , serdar-ı azam and "zât-ı âsafî (vizierial person)".
In the Köprülü Era (1656–1703) the Empire was controlled by a series of powerful grand viziers. The relative ineffectiveness of the coming sultans and the diffusion of power to lower levels of the government was behind of the Köprülü Era.
After the Tanzimat period of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century, the grand viziers came to assume a role more similar to that of the prime minister of contemporary Western monarchies.
[edit] See also
 Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire  |
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Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Rise (1299-1453) |
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Hacıkemaleddinoğlu Alaeddin Paşa (1320-1331) · Mahmudoğlu Nizamüddin Ahmed Paşa (1331-1348) · Hacı Paşa (1348-1349) · Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Paşa (1349-1364) · Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Paşa (1364-1387) · Çandarlı Ali Paşa (1387-1406) · Osmancıklı İmamzade Halil Paşa (1406-1413) · Amasyalı Beyazıd Paşa (1413-1421) · Çandarlı (1.) İbrahim Paşa (1421-1429) · Osmancıklı (Amasyalı) Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Paşa (1429-1439) · Çandarlı (2nd)Halil Paşa (1439-1453)
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Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Growth (1453-1683) |
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Veli Mahmud Paşa (1453-1466) · Rum Mehmed Paşa (1466-1469) · İshak Paşa (1469-1472) · Veli Mahmud Paşa (1472-1474) · Gedik Ahmed Paşa (1474-1477) · Karamanlı Mehmed Paşa (1477-1481) · İshak Paşa (1481-1482) · Koca Davud Paşa (1482-1497) · Hersekli Ahmed Paşa (1497-1498) · Çandarlı (2.) İbrahim Paşa (1498-1499) · Mesih Paşa (1499-1501) · Hadim Ali Paşa (1501-1503) · Hersekli Ahmed Paşa (1503-1506) · Hadim Ali Paşa (1509-1511) · Koca Mustafa Paşa (1511-1512) · Dukakinoğlu Ahmed Paşa (1512-1515) · Hersekli Ahmed Paşa (1515-1516) · Hadim Sinan Paşa (1516-1517) · Yunus Paşa (1517) · Piri Mehmed Paşa (1517) · Pargalı Damat İbrahim Paşa (1523-1536) · Ayas Mehmed Paşa (1536-1539) · Damat Çelebi Lütfi Paşa (1539-1541) · Hadim Süleyman Paşa (1541-1544) · Damat Rüstem Paşa (1544-1553) · Kara Ahmed Paşa (1553-1555) · Damat Rüstem Paşa (1555-1561) · Semiz Ali Paşa (1561-1565) · Sokollu Mehmet Paşa (1565-1579) · Semiz Ahmed Paşa (1579-1580) · Lala Kara Mustafa Paşa (1580) · Koca Sinan Paşa (1580-1582) · Kanijeli Siyavuş Paşa (1582-1584) · Özdemiroğlu Osman Paşa (1584-1585) · Hadim Mehmed Mesih Paşa (1585-1586) · Kanijeli Siyavuş Paşa (1586-1589) · Koca Sinan Paşa (1589-1591) · Serdar Ferhat Paşa (1591-1592) · Kanijeli Siyavuş Paşa (1592-1593) · Koca Sinan Paşa (1593-1595) · Serdar Ferhat Paşa (1595) · Lala Mehmed Paşa (1595) · Koca Sinan Paşa (1595-1596) · Damat İbrahim Paşa (1596) · Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Paşa (1596) · Damat İbrahim Paşa (1596-1597) · Hadim Hasan Paşa (1597-1598) · Cerrah Mehmed Paşa (1598-1599) · Damat İbrahim Paşa (1599-1601) · Yemişçi Hasan Paşa (1601-1603) · Malkoç Yavuz Ali Paşa (1603-1604) · Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Paşa (1604-1606) · Boşnak Derviş Mehmed Paşa (1606) · Kuyucu Murat Paşa (1606-1611) · Gümülcineli Damat Nasuh Paşa (1611-1614) · Öküz Kara Mehmed Paşa (1614-1616) · Damat Halil Paşa (1616-1619) · Öküz Kara Mehmed Paşa (1619-1619) · İstanköylü Çelebi (Güzelce) Ali Paşa (1619-1621) · Ohrili Hüseyin Paşa (1621) · Dilaver Paşa (1621-1622) · Kara Davut Paşa (1622) · Mere Hüseyin Paşa (1622) · Lefkeli Mustafa Paşa (1622) · Gürcü Hadim Mehmed Paşa (1622-1623) · Mere Hüseyin Paşa (1623) · Kemankeş Kara Ali Paşa (1623-1624) · Çerkes Mehmed Ali Paşa (1624-1625) · Müezzinzade Filibeli Hafız Ahmed Paşa (1625-1626) · Damat Halil Paşa (1626-1628) · Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Paşa (1628-1631) · Müezzinzade Filibeli Hafız Ahmed Paşa (1631-1632) · Topal Recep Paşa (1632) · Tabanıyassı Mehmed Paşa (1632-1637) · Bayram Paşa (1637-1638) · Tayyar Mehmed Paşa (1638) · Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Paşa (1638-1644) · Civankapıcıbaşı Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Paşa (1644-1645) · Nevesinli Salih Paşa (1645-1647) · Kara Musa Paşa (1647) · Hezarpare Ahmed Paşa (1647-1648) · Mevlevi Mehmed Paşa (1648-1649) · Kara Dev Murad Paşa (1649-1650) · Melek Ahmed Paşa (1650-1651) · Siyavuş Paşa (1651) · Gürcü Mehmed Paşa (1651-1652) · Tarhuncu Sarı Ahmed Paşa (1652-1653) · Bıyıklı Koca Derviş Mehmed Paşa (1653-1654) · İpşiri Mustafa Paşa (1654-1655) · Kara Dev Murad Paşa (1655) · Ermeni Süleyman Paşa (1655) · Gazi Deli Hüseyin Paşa (1656) · Zurnazen Mustafa Paşa (1656) · Siyavuş Paşa (1656) · Boynuyaralı Mehmed Paşa (1656) · Köprülü Mehmed Paşa (1656-1661) · Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Paşa (1661-1676) · Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa (1676-1683)
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Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Stagnation (1683-1827) |
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Bayburtlu Kara İbrahim Paşa (1683-1685) · Sarı Süleyman Paşa (1685-1687) · Köprülü Damadı Abaza Siyavuş Paşa (1687-1688) · Ayaşlı Nişancı İsmail Paşa (1688) · Tekirdağlı Bekri Mustafa Paşa (1688-1689) · Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Paşa (1689-1691) · Bahadırzade Arabacı Ali Paşa (1691-1692) · Merzifonlu Çalık Hacı Ali Paşa (1692-1693) · Bozoklu (Bıyıklı) Mustafa Paşa (1694) · Sürmeli Ali Paşa (1694-1695) · Elmas Mehmed Paşa (1695-1997) · Köprülü Amcazade Hacı Hüseyin Paşa (1697-1702) · Daltaban Mustafa Paşa (1702-1703) · Rami Mehmed Paşa (1703) · Sührablı Kavanoz Nişancı Ahmed Paşa (1703) · Moralı Damat Hasan Paşa (1703-1704) · Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Paşa (1704) · Pakçemüezzin Baltacı Mehmed Paşa (1704-1706) · Çorlulu Damat Ali Paşa (1706-1710) · Köprülüzade Damat Numan Paşa (1710) · Pakçemüezzin Baltacı Mehmed Paşa (1710-1711) · Gürcü Ağa Yusuf Paşa (1711-1712) · Silahdar Süleyman Paşa (1712-1713) · Kel Hoca İbrahim Paşa (1713) · Silahdar Damat Ali Paşa (1713-1716) · Hacı Halil Paşa (1716-1717) · Tevkii Nişancı Mehmed Paşa (1717-1718) · Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Paşa (1718-1730) · Silahdar Damat Mehmed Paşa (1730-1731) · Kabakulak İbrahim Paşa (1731) · Topal Osman Paşa (1731-1732) · Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa (1732-1735) · Gürcü İsmail Paşa (1735-1736) · Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Paşa (1736-1737) · Muhsinzade Abdullah Paşa (1737) · Yeğen Mehmed Paşa (1737-1739) · Hacı İvazzade Mehmed Paşa (1739-1740) · Nişancı Şehla Hacı Ahmed Paşa (1740-1742) · Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa (1742-1743) · Seyyid Hasan Paşa (1743-1746) · Tiryaki Hacı Mehmed Paşa (1746-1747) · Boynueğri Seyyid Abdullah Paşa (1747-1750) · Divitdar Mehmed Emin Paşa (1750-1752) · Çorlulu Köse Bahir Mustafa Paşa (1752-1755) · Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa (1755) · Naili Abdullah Paşa (1755) · Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Paşa (1755) · Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Paşa (1755-1756) · Çorlulu Köse Bahir Mustafa Paşa (1756-1757) · Koca Mehmed Ragıp Paşa (1757-1763) · Tevkii Hamza Hamid Paşa (1763) · Çorlulu Köse Bahir Mustafa Paşa (1763-1765) · Muhsinzade Mehmed Paşa (1765-1768) · Silahdar Hamza Mahir Paşa (1768) · Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Paşa (1768-1769) · Moldovancı Ali Paşa (1769) · İvazzade Halil Paşa (1769-1770) · Silahdar Mehmed Paşa (1770-1771) · Muhsinzade Mehmed Paşa (1771-1774) · [Safranbolulu İzzet Mehmed Paşa]] (1774-1775) · Moralı Derviş Mehmed Paşa (1775-1777) · Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Paşa (1777-1778) · Kalafat Mehmed Paşa (1778-1779) · Silahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Paşa (1779-1781) · Safranbolulu İzzet Mehmed Paşa (1781-1782) · Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Paşa (1782) · Halil Hamid Paşa (1782-1785) · Hazinedar Şahin Ali Paşa (1785-1786) · Koca Yusuf Paşa (1786-1789) · Kethüda Meyyit Hasan Paşa (1789) · Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa (1789-1790) · Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Paşa (1790-1791) · Koca Yusuf Paşa (1791-1792) · Damat Melek Mehmed Paşa (1792-1794) · Safranbolulu İzzet Mehmed Paşa (1794-1798) · Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Paşa (1798-1805) · Bostancıbaşı Hafız İsmail Paşa (1805-1806) · Keçiboynuzu İbrahim Hilmi Paşa (1806-1807) · Çelebi Mustafa Paşa (1807-1808) · Alemdar Mustafa Paşa (1808) · Çavuşbaşı Memiş Paşa (1808-1809) · Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Paşa (1809-1811) · Laz Aziz Ahmed Paşa (1811-1812) · Hurşid Ahmed Paşa (1812-1815) · Mehmed Emin Rauf Paşa (1815-1818) · Burdurlu Derviş Mehmed Paşa (1818-1820) · Seyyid Ali Paşa (1820-1821) · Benderli Ali Paşa (1821) · Hacı Salih Paşa (1821-1822) · Bostancıbaşı Deli Abdullah Paşa (1822-1823) · Turnacızade Silahdar Ali Paşa (1823) · Mehmed Said Galip Paşa (1823-1824) · Benderli Mehmed Selim Sırrı Paşa (1824-1828)
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Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Decline (1828–1908) |
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Darendeli Topal İzzet Mehmed Paşa (1828-1829) · Reşid Mehmed Paşa (1829-1833) · Mehmed Emin Rauf Paşa (1833-1839) · Koca Mehmed Hüsrev Paşa (1839-1840) · Mehmed Emin Rauf Paşa (1840-1841) · Darendeli Topal İzzet Mehmed Paşa (1841-1842) · Mehmed Emin Rauf Paşa (1842-1846) · Koca Mustafa Reşid Paşa (1846-1848) · İbrahim Sarim Paşa (1848) · Koca Mustafa Reşid Paşa (1848-1852) · Mehmed Emin Rauf Paşa (1852) · Koca Mustafa Reşid Paşa (1852) · Mehmed Emin Âli Paşa (1852) · Damat Mehmed Ali Paşa (1852-1853) · Giritli Mustafa Naili Paşa (1853-1854) · Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Paşa (1854) · Koca Mustafa Reşid Paşa (1854-1855) · Mehmed Emin Âli Paşa (1855-1856) · Koca Mustafa Reşid Paşa (1856-1857) · Giritli Mustafa Naili Paşa (1857) · Koca Mustafa Reşid Paşa (1857-1858) · Mehmed Emin Âli Paşa (1858-1859) · Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Paşa (1859) · Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Paşa (1859-1860) · Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Paşa (1860-1861) · Mehmed Emin Âli Paşa (1861) · Keçecizade Mehmed Emin Fuad Paşa (1861-1866) · Yusuf Kamil Paşa (1863) · Keçecizade Mehmed Emin Fuad Paşa (1863-1866) · Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Paşa (1866-1867) · Mehmed Emin Âli Paşa (1866-1871) · Mahmud Nedim Paşa (1871-1872) · Mithat Paşa (1872) · Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Paşa (1872-1873) · Sakızlı Ahmed Esad Paşa (1873) · Şirvanlızade Mehmed Rüşdi Paşa (1873-1874) · Hüseyin Avni Paşa (1874-1875) · Sakızlı Ahmed Esad Paşa (1875) · Mahmud Nedim Paşa (1875-1876) · Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Paşa (1876-1876) · Mithat Paşa (1876-1877) · İbrahim Edhem Paşa (1877-1878) · Ahmed Hamdi Paşa (1878) · Ahmed Vefik Paşa (1878) · Mehmed Sadık Paşa (1878) · Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Paşa (1878) · Mehmed Esad Saffet Paşa (1878) · Tunuslu Hayreddin Paşa (1878-1879) · Ahmed Arifi Paşa (1879) · Küçük Mehmed Said Paşa (1879-1880) · Cenanizade Mehmed Kadri Paşa (1880) · Küçük Mehmed Said Paşa (1880-1882) · Abdurrahman Nureddin Paşa (1882) · Küçük Mehmed Said Paşa (1882) · Ahmed Vefik Paşa (1882) · Küçük Mehmed Said Paşa (1882-1885) · Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kamil Paşa (1885-1891) · Kabaağaçlızade Ahmed Cevat Paşa (1891-1895) · Küçük Mehmed Said Paşa (1895) · Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kamil Paşa (1895) · Halil Rıfat Paşa (1895-1901) · Küçük Mehmed Said Paşa (1901-1903) · Avlonyalı Mehmed Ferid Paşa (1903-1908) · Küçük Mehmed Said Paşa (1908) · Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kamil Paşa (1908-1909) · Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa (1909) · Ahmed Tevfik Paşa (1909)
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