Grand Council of the Crees
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The Grand Council of the Crees (Cree: Eeyou Istchee), or the GCC, is the political body that represents the approximately 16,357 Crees or “Eeyouch” (“Eenouch” – Mistissini dialect) of the James Bay and Nunavik regions of Northern Quebec, Canada. The Grand Council has twenty members: a Grand Chief and Deputy-Grand Chief elected at large by the Eeyouch, the chiefs elected by each of the nine Cree communities, and one other representative from each community.
The grand chief, Matthew Mukash, and the deputy grand chief, Ashley Iserhoff, were elected in 2005. The Council’s head office is in the Cree community of Nemaska, although it also has offices in Montreal and Ottawa.
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[edit] History
The Council was formed in 1974 in response the James Bay Cree hydroelectric conflict, which had already been underway since 1971. When the James Bay Project was first announced the Eeyouch of Eeyou Istchee were still governed by a traditional political structure. That political structure was organized to exploit the resources of Eeyou Istchee by their traditional hunting, fishing and trapping way of life. Cree lands were divided into family harvesting territories, each headed by a hunting leader or "Outchimau", that were resource management units and a means of distributing the Cree people over a vast territory. So the Cree organized themselves at a council of Cree leaders to represent the Cree and their rights at the negotiations between the Eeyouch and the Quebec and Canadian governments, which led to the signing of the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement in November 1975.
[edit] Cree Regional Authority
The Cree Regional Authority (CRA), formed in 1978, serves as the administrative authority of the Crees of Quebec and provides services to the nine Cree communities. The CRA is responsible for environmental protection and is also the legal body representing the Cree to provincial and federal administrations.
While the CRA is a separate legal entity from the GCC, they have identical membership, board of directors, governing structures and are de facto managed and operated as one organization by the Cree Nation.
[edit] Political Developments
The Grand Council of the Crees has been active in asserting the right of the Crees to determine their own future, in the event that Quebec secedes from Canada. In October 1995, the Grand Council issued a "Message regarding the rights of the Crees and other Aboriginal Peoples of Canada, which stated, in part:
"Now in 1995, although we live in a modern and democratic state, protected by the Canadian Constitution with its Charter of Rights and Freedoms, our people and our territory may once again be transferred from sovereign to sovereign, this time from Canada to what may become the newly independent state of Québec. And although there is now a United Nations, with a Universal Declaration of Human Rights and a vast array of international human rights instruments that should protect us, a process has been set in motion that would forcibly remove the Crees from Canada, and incorporate us and our lands in this new state."
A few days prior to the October 30, 1995 province-wide referendum on secession from Canada, the Grand Council facilitated a referendum within Cree territory on the question of whether the Crees should be authorized to separate from an independent Quebec, in order to remain part of Canada. Over 96% of participating voters chose to remain in Canada.[2]
Grand Chief Matthew Mukash is considered a traditionalist and fought against the Great Whale hydroelectric project in the 1990s, alongside the Grand Chiefs Matthew Coon Come and Billy Diamond. In 2002, he opposed the signing of the Paix des Braves, a comprehensive 50 year political and economic agreement with the Government of Quebec, and as well as the 2002 and 2004 agreements with Hydro-Québec on the joint development of the hydro-electric resources of the Rupert River.
Elected in late 2005 as Grand Chief, in replacement of Ted Moses, Matthew Mukash is opposed to the Rupert River Diversion which is undergoing joint Quebec-Cree environmental assessment since 2004. Mukash hopes to convince the Government of Quebec and Hydro-Québec to pursue wind power as an alternative source of economic development and energy. His other main political goals are to prepare a Cree constitution, build sovereignty, encourage nation-building, and move Cree leadership back to Cree territory from Montréal and Ottawa.
[edit] Grand Chiefs
- Matthew Mukash, 2005 to present
- Billy Diamond, 1974 to 1984 [3]
[edit] Cree communities of the Grand Council
- Chisasibi
- Eastmain
- Mistissini
- Nemaska - seat of the GCC and CRA, also the smallest Cree village
- Oujé-Bougoumou - the newest and most modern Cree village
- Waskaganish
- Waswanipi
- Wemindji
- Whapmagoostui - Sole Cree village in Nunavik and not accessible by road
[edit] References
- ^ Matthew Coon Come, "A Message regarding the rights of the Crees and other Aboriginal Peoples in Canada", in Grand Council of the Crees, Sovereign Injustice: Forcible Inclusion of the James Bay Crees and Cree Territory into a Sovereign Quebec. Nemaska, Quebec, 1995.
- ^ Source: Grand Council of the Crees, Never Without Consent: James Bay Crees' Stand Against Forcible Inclusion into an Independent Quebec. Toronto: ECW Press, 1998, p. 10.
- ^ Billy Diamond. Power To Change. Retrieved on 2008-02-03. “I became chief of our Cree community when I was 21. ... Four years later I became the first Grand Chief of the Cree Grand Council. I used this position to help my people develop. We modernized the villages, built housing and schools and encouraged health and economic development. I was very successful in this position. But like all successes, it had it's drawbacks, especially in my personal life.”
- Grand Council of the Crees (Eeyou Istchee) Website
- La Paix des Braves (Agreement concerning a new relationship between the Government of Quebec and the Crees of Quebec)
- Agreement with Hydro-Québec (2004)
- Canadian Geographic
- July 2007 population figures were obtained from the Cree Board of Health and Social Services of James Bay
[edit] Further reading
- Cree Board of Health and Social Services of James Bay, and Statistics Canada. Eeyou Istchee Aboriginal Peoples Survey 2001 A Report Prepared by the Cree Board of Health and Social Services of James Bay from Responses Given by 906 Eeyouch to Statistics Canada in the Spring of 2001. Chisasibi, Québec: Cree Board of Health and Social Services of James Bay, 2004. ISBN 2550430433
- Dewailly E, C Blanchet, S Gingras, S Lemieux, and BJ Holub. 2002. "Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and N-3 Fatty Acid Status in the Adult Population of James Bay Cree". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 76, no. 1: 85-92.
- Gnarowski, Michael. I Dream of Yesterday and Tomorrow A Celebration of the James Bay Crees. Kemptville, Ont: Golden Dog Press, 2002. ISBN 1894908007
- Minde R, and K Minde. 1995. "Socio-Cultural Determinants of Psychiatric Symptomatology in James Bay Cree Children and Adolescents". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 40, no. 6: 304-12.
- Morantz, Toby Elaine. An ethnohistoric study of eastern James Bay Cree social organization, 1700-1850. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, 1983.
- Niezen, Ronald. Defending the Land Sovereignty and Forest Life in James Bay Cree Society. Cultural Survival studies in ethnicity and change. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1998. ISBN 020527580X
- Richardson, Boyce. Strangers Devour the Land A Chronicle of the Assault Upon the Last Coherent Hunting Culture in North America, the Cree Indians of Northern Quebec, and Their Vast Primeval Homelands. New York: Knopf :distributed by Random House, 1976. ISBN 0394498380
- Salisbury, Richard Frank. A Homeland for the Cree Regional Development in James Bay, 1971-1981. Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1986. ISBN 0773505504
- Scott, Simeon, and C. D. Ellis. Âtalôhkâna Nêsta Tipâcimôwina = Cree Legends and Narratives : from the West Coast of James Bay. Publications of the Algonquian Text Society. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1995. ISBN 0887551599
- Siy, Alexandra. The Eeyou People of Eastern James Bay. New York: Dillon Press, 1993. ISBN 0875185495
- Willows ND, J Morel, and K Gray-Donald. 2000. "Prevalence of Anemia Among James Bay Cree Infants of Northern Quebec". CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'Association Medicale Canadienne. 162, no. 3: 323-6.
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