Gowri Lakshmi Bayi of Travancore
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Her Highness Padmanabha Sevini Vanchi Dharma Vardhini Raja Rajeshwari Maharani Gowri Lakshmi Bayi was the Maharani of the Indian state of Travancore from 1811 till 1813 and Regent from 1813 till her death in 1814 for her son Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma. She was the only Queen of Travancore to have reigned in her own right for two years before becoming a regent.
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[edit] Background
Gowri Lakshmi Bayi was born in the year 1791 to Princess Attham, Senior Rani of Attingal of the Travancore Royal Family, sister of Maharajah Balarama Varma, who were adopted into the Travancore family from their natal Palace at Mavelikara which then belonged to Kolathunadu. The Maharanis of Travancore were styled as the "Ranis of Attingal" and Gowri Lakshmi Bayi's grandmother was adopted into the Travancore family in 1747 during the reign of the legendary Maharajah Marthanda Varma. Gowri Lakshmi Bayi was one of Travancores most popular Queens and introduced several reforms in the state.
[edit] Accession
The unpopular Maharajah Bala Rama Varma, during whose reign Travancore faced a number of internal and external problems, revolts and unnecessary battles and conspiracies, including the most important revolt of Velu Thampi Dalawa, died in 1811. At the death of the Maharajah, Gowri Lakshmi Bayi, the senior Rani of Attingal, was barely twenty years of age. There were no eligible male members in the family which meant she would have to take over Travancore and rule it as regent till such an heir would be born to her. However her accession was not easy because a member of the Mavelikara Royal family, a distant cousin, Prince Kerala Varma, who was the pet of the previous ruler, staked a claim on the throne which was anything but unsubstantiated. The Princess placed in the hands of the British Resident Col. Munro, one of Travancores most loved British Residents, a document asserting her claim and proving the claim of Kerala Varma untenable. This irked Kerala Varma who resorted to tact and tried to convince the Princess to give up her claim. However the Resident sided with Gowri Lakshmi Bayi and she was made the Regent Maharani of Travancore in 1811. Kerala Varma was permitted to reside at Trivandrum, the capital but when he tried to create further troubles, he was imprisoned and banished from Travancore.
[edit] Colonel Munro Dewan
On of the earliest acts of Gowri Lakshmi Bayi was Regent was to dismiss the existing Dewan or Prime Minister, the corrupt Ummini Thampi. Ummini Thampi was found guilty of squandering money and acquiring all the property of the vanquished rebel Velu Thampi Dalawa and others. He was dismissed and when he tried to cause further trouble he was imprisoned and punished after being found guilty of conspiracy against the Regent Maharani Gowri Lakshmi Bayi. The Maharani was now asked to nominate some individual for the post of Dewan to which she stated that she found no eligible individual and would like to appoint the Resident Colonel Munro as her Dewan. Accordingly Col. Munro became Dewan of Travancore in 1811.
[edit] Government Reforms
- The Dewan Col. Munro informed the Maharani of the widespread corruption in her Government owing to the practice of giving all power, administrative and judicial, to a single officer right from village level to district level. To end this the Proverticars (village officers), Kariakkars (Taluka officers) and the district officials were all deprived of their judicial powers and instead a Court of Appeal and five District Courts at Padmanabhapuram, Mavelikara, Trivandrum, Vaikam and Alwaye were established and modern judicial system was introduced in Travancore. The Courts had each two judges and a Brahmin Sastri. The judges were chosen only from the Brahmin and Nair castes and the Christian community of Travancore. For the trial of Government servants another court known as the Huzhur court was also established.
- The Police was reorganised in Travancore during the reign of Maharani Gowri Lakshmi Bayi at the suggestion of Col. Munro Dewan.
- Deprived of magasterial and judicial power, the district and village officials now could concentrate their attention on the collection of revenue alone, curtailing their power greatly and making them subject to judicial trial in case of misconduct. The revenue department was cleaned of corruption and revenue collection became smoother and organised.
[edit] Social Reforms
- All males excepting of the Brahmin and Nair castes and a few communities from the Christian and Islamic religions had to pay a certain capitation tax, taxes on festivals, taxes on inheritance of property was abolished.
- Travancore contained a large number of Devaswoms or Temple Corporations that held vast areas of land and controlled most of the important and wealthy temples in the country. These corporations had fallen prey to corruption and mismanagement and they nexy engaged the Dewans attention. More than three hundred of the biggest temples of Travancore were appropriated by the Government under a Devaswom Board and cleared of corruption and mismanagement.
- By a Royal Proclamation in 1812, Her Highness Maharani Gowri Lakshmi Bayi, abolished the purchase and sale of all slaves and granted them independence excepting those attached to the soil for agricultural purposes. Syrian Christians were freed from their attachment to temples and castes like the Ezhavas, Kaniyans etc. were given independence from their Lords.
- A vaccination department was started in Travancore in 1813 under her regency. Finding orthodox reservations amongst her subjects with regard to vaccination, the Queen first vaccinated herself and other members of the Royal family to reassure her people.
[edit] Change in Dewanship
In 1814 Col. Munro resigned his Dewanship as it was not a permanent arrangement for the Resident to take that post. In his stead the Judge of the Appeal Court, Devan Padmanabhan was appointed as Dewan. However he died from small pox soon and instead one of Col. Munro's assistants Bappu Rao being appointed as Dewan of Travancore in that same year.
[edit] Family and Demise of the Maharani
The Maharani was married to a Koil Thampuran, Prince Rajaraja Varma Avargal of the Changanassery Royal Family. From this marriage Gowri Lakshmi Bayi had issue two sons and a daughter. Her daughter was Maharani Gowri Rukmini Bayi born in 1809. Her eldest son was born on 16th April 1813, the famous Maharajah Swathi Thirunal who was a musician and artist and ruled independently from 1829-1846. He married a granddaughter of the famous Dharma Raja Maharajah of Travancore and belonged to the Thiruvattar Ammaveedu family. The Maharani next had a son in 1814, Maharajah Uthram Thirunal who ruled from 1846-1860. The Maharani Gowri Lakshmi Bayi started losing her health after giving birth to Uthram Thirunal and died in 1814 within a few days of his birth. She was succeeded as Regent Maharani by her sister, Gowri Parvati Bayi. Her only daughter, who was now the only female in the matriarchal Travancore Royal Family, Gowri Rukmini Bayi married Rama Varma Koil Thampuran of Thiruvalla Royal Family in 1819 and had seven children, five sons and two daughters. One of these daughters died soon while the other married and had two sons, including Moolam Thirunal Sir Rama Varma. In 1888 two princesses were adopted from the Mavelikara Royal family into Travancore.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Travancore State Manual by V.Nagam Aiya
- History of Travancore by Shungunny Menon
