Gopuram

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Gopuram at Madurai

A Gopuram or gopura (also known as a vimanam), is a monumental tower, usually ornate, at the entrance of a temple, especially in Southern India. This is a prominent feature of Hindu temple architecture.^[1] It is topped with the sikhara's amalaka (a bulbous stone finial). They function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.^[2]

The gopuram's origins can be traced back to early structures of the Pallavas and by the twelfth century under the Pandya rulers these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple's outer appearance, eventually overshadowing the inner sanctuary which became obscured from view by the gopuram's colossal size.^[3] It also dominated the inner sanctum in amount of ornamentation. Often a shrine has more than one gopuram.^[4]

1 Architectural features
2 Examples
3 See also
4 Footnotes
5 External links
6 References

[edit] Architectural features

Detail of a gopuram at Chennai

A gopuram is usually rectangular in form with ground-level wooden doors, often richly decorated, providing access. Above is the tapering gopuram, divided into many storeys which diminish in size as the gopuram tower narrows. Usually the tower is topped with a barrel vaulted roof with a finial.^[3]

Gopurams are exquisitely decorated with sculpture and carvings and painted with a variety of themes derived from the Hindu mythology, particularly those associated with the presiding deity of the temple where the gopuram is located.

[edit] Examples

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The Gopuram of the Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam, Tamilnadu state is the tallest Gopuram in South India. This Gopuram, known as the Rajagopuram (the royal temple tower), rises from the base area of around 13 cents (32500 sq feet) and goes up to 196 feet, moving up in eleven progressively smaller tiers.

The Gopuram of Sri Andal Temple in Srivilliputtur is the second highest temple tower in Tamilnadu. It is 60 m (192 feet) high and has thirteen progressively smaller tiers. This Gopuram is the centerpiece of the state symbol of the Government of Tamilnadu.

Gopuram of Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam	Gopuram of the Virupaksha Temple at Hampi	A gold overlaid gopuram at the Kamakshi Amman Temple, Kanchipuram	Side-view of a gopuram at the Ekambareswarar temple, Kanchi
Main gopuram at the Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchi	Gopuram of the Annavaram temple at Annavaram	Temple gopuram at Tirumala	Top of a gopuram at Madurai
Temple gopuram at Tirunelveli

[edit] See also

[edit] Footnotes

^ Ching et al, Francis D.K. (2007). A Global History of Architecture. New York: John Wiley and Sons, p. 762. ISBN 0-471-82451-3.
^ Ching, Francis D.K. (1995). A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. New York: John Wiley and Sons, p. 253. ISBN 0-471-82451-3.
^ ^a ^b Mitchell, George (1988). The Hindu Tempe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 151–153. ISBN 0-266-53230-5.
^ gopura. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2008-01-20.