Gjirokastër
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| Gjirokastër | |
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  Gjirokastër
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| Coordinates: | |
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| Country |  Albania |
| County | Gjirokastër County |
| District | Gjirokastër District |
| Elevation | 300 m (984 ft) |
| Population (2003) | |
| - Total | 34,000 |
| Time zone | Central European Time (UTC+1) |
Gjirokastër (Greek: Αργυρόκαστρον, Argyrókastron; Aromanian: Ljurocastru, Italian: Argirocastro, Turkish: Ergiri) is a city in southern Albania at with a population of around 34,000. It is also the capital of both the Gjirokastër District and the larger Gjirokastër County. Its old town is inscribed on the World Heritage List as "a rare example of a well-preserved Ottoman town, built by farmers of large estate." Located in the south of the country, at 300 meters above sea level, Gjirokastër has a beautiful and dramatic situation in a lush valley between the high Gjerë mountains and the rushing river Drin or Drinos. The city is overlooked by a large castle (Kalaja e Gjirokastres) with original walls that date to Pre-Christian times.
Gjirokastër is considered the center of the Greek community in Albania[1][2]. Its name in Greek, Argyrokastron, means Silver Fortress, which refers to the castle. The Albanian name is derived from this.
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[edit] History
Gjirokastër is an ancient city with traces of human habitation dating back to the 1st century BC. It is located on the slopes of the Mali i Gjerë ("Wide Mountain"), overlooking the Drinos river. The city was probably founded some time in the 12th century AD around a fortress on the hillside. Under the rule of the Byzantine Empire, it developed into a major commercial centre known as Argyropolis ("Silver City", Greek: Αργυρόπολις) or Argyrokastron ("Silver Castle", Greek: Αργυρόκαστρον).
The city was part of the Byzantine Despotate of Epirus in the 14th century before passing to the Ottoman Empire in 1417. It was captured in 1811 by the Albanian-born Ali Pasha, who carved out his own semi-autonomous fiefdom in the southwestern Balkans. In the late 19th century, when the city was the capital of the sandjak of Ergiri in the Yanya vilayet, it became a centre of resistance to Turkish rule. The Assembly of Gjirokastër, a key event in the history of the Albanian liberation movement, was held there in 1880.
During the First Balkan War of 1912-1913, the city was claimed by Greece due to its large Greek population in the area of Dropull south of the city. It was held on three separate occasions by the Greek Army. However, it was awarded to Albania under the terms of the Treaty of London of 1913 and the Protocol of Florence of 17 December 1913 awarded Gjirokastër to Albania.[3]. The Greek military returned in October-November 1914, during the First World War, and again captured Gjirokastër and the southern Albanian city of Korçë. In April 1916 the territory was annexed to Greece. The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 restored the pre-war status quo, essentially upholding the border line decided in the 1913 Protocol of Florence, and the city was again returned to Albanian control.[4]
In April 1939, Gjirokastër was occupied by Italy and was annexed to that country along with much of the rest of Albania. During the Second World War, Germany invaded and took control in September 1943, but the city returned to Albanian control in 1944.
The postwar Communist regime developed the city as an industrial and commercial centre. It was elevated to the status of a "museum town", birthplace of the dictator Enver Hoxha, who had been born there in 1908. His house was converted into a museum which became a focal point of Hoxha's cult of personality.
Gjirokastër suffered severe economic problems following the end of communist rule in 1991. It was particularly badly affected by the 1997 collapse of a massive pyramid scheme which destabilised the entire Albanian economy. The city became the focus of a rebellion against the government of Sali Berisha and violent anti-government protests took place which eventually forced Berisha's resignation. On December 16, 1997, Hoxha's house was blown up by unknown (but presumably anti-communist) attackers.
| Museum-City of Gjirokastra* | |
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| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
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| State Party | Albania |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | iii, iv |
| Reference | 569 |
| Region† | Europe and North America |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 2005 (29th Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO. |
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[edit] Economy
Gjirokastër is principally a commercial centre with some industries, notably the production of foodstuffs, leather, and textiles.
[edit] Culture and places of interest
Many houses in Gjirokastër have a distinctive local style that has earned the city the nickname "Town of the Stones", because most of the old houses have roofs covered with stones. Due to Gjirokastër's importance to the Communist regime, its city centre was spared at least some of the thoughtless redevelopment that afflicted other cities in Albania, but its designation as a "museum town" unfortunately did not translate into maintaining the old town. Consequently, many of its historic buildings have become dilapidated, a problem that is only slowly being resolved.
The Citadel dominates the town and overlooks the strategically important route along the river valley. It is open to visitors and contains a military museum featuring captured artillery and memorabilia of the Communist resistance against German occupation, as well as a captured United States Air Force plane to commemorate the Communist regime's struggle against the "imperialist" powers. The citadel dates back to the 18th century and its construction was ordered by Gjin Bue Shpata, a local tribal leader. Additions were built during the 19th and 20th centuries by Ali Pasha Tepelene and the Government of King Zog. Today it possesses five towers and houses a clock tower, a church, water fountains, horse stables, and many more amenities. The northern part of the castle was eventually turned into a prison by Zog's government and housed political prisoners during the communist regime.
Gjirokastër also features an old bazaar which was originally built in the 17th century, but which had to be rebuilt in the 19th century after it burned down. There are more than 200 homes preserved as "cultural monuments" in Gjirokastër today, and it is also the site of the National Albanian Folk Festival held every four years (most recently in 2005).
When the town was first proposed for inscription on the World Heritage List in 1988, ICOMOS experts were nonplussed by a number of modern constructions which detracted from the old town's appearance. The historic core of Gjirokastër was finally inscribed in 2005, 15 years after its original nomination.
[edit] Education
The first Albanian school of Gjirokastër was Drita School opened in 1908. Eqerem Çabej University of Gjirokastra is the highest education school.
[edit] Villages Of Gjirokastër
- Andon Poci
- Asim Zenel
- Cepos
- Dervican
- Erind
- Frashtan
- Fushëbardhë
- Gerhot
- Ghiorgnzzati
- Golëm
- Jergucat
- Labova e Kryqit
- Kakavia
- Kolonje
- Kordhiq
- Krioner
- Lazarat
- Libohova
- Mashkullorë
- Nivan
- Palokastër
- Picar
- Polican
- Prongji
- Valare
- Vrisera
- Zhulat
- Pepeli
[edit] Famous Gjirokastrites
- Eqrem Çabej, ethnologist
- Nelson Çabej, molecular biologist
- Andon Zako Çajupi, writer
- Adil Çarçani, former Prime Minister, freedom fighter against Italian occupation
- Enver Hoxha, dictator
- Koto Hoxhi , teacher and participant in developing the first alphabet of Albanian
- Ismail Kadare, writer, Nobel Prize candidate
- Viktor Kalemi, translator and former Ambassador
- Saim Kokona, cinematographer
- Musine Kokalari, author
- Vasil Marka, chemist
- Omer Nishani, anti-fascist theorist and freedom fighter
- Baba Rexheb, Bektashi religious leader
- Avni Rustemi, Member of the first democratic parliament of Albania
- Zihni Sako, writer and liberty advocate
- Çerçiz Topulli, Albanian resistance fighter
- Haki Toska, 1912 independence fighter
- Asim Zeneli, WWII freedom fighter
- Fatos Nano, former Socialist Party Leader, former Prime Minister of Albania
- Bashkim Ahmeti, artist
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ "Given its large Greek-speaking population, the city of Gjirokastra (in Greek, Agyrocastro)","The concentration of ethnic Greeks in and around centres of Hellenism such as Saranda and Gjirokastra",http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/csrc/document-listings/balkan/G97 Defense Academy of the United Kingdom
- ^ http://mondediplo.com/maps/albanianmdv1999
- ^ Dimitri Pentzopoulos, The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and Its Impact on Greece, p. 28. C. Hurst & Co, 2002. ISBN 1850656746
- ^ Vassilis Nitsiakos, Constantinos Mantzos, "Negotiating Culture: Political Uses of Polyphonic Folk Songs in Greece and Albania", p. 197 in Greece and the Balkans: Identities, Perceptions and Cultural Encounters, ed. Demetres Tziovas. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2003. ISBN 0754609987
- "Gjirokastër." Encyclopædia Britannica,2006
- "Gjirokastër or Gjinokastër." The Columbia Encyclopedia (2004)
[edit] External links
- Photo Gallery of Gjirokastër from Hotel Kalemi
- Photos of Gjirokastër
- Photo gallery by Andy Carvin
- Gjirokastra Online by Klodian Lula & SIFE UGJ
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