Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette

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Lieutenant General & National Guard Commander-in-Chief Lafayette in 1792 at ~35yrs. by Joseph Désiré Court, at Musée de Versailles
Lieutenant General & National Guard Commander-in-Chief Lafayette in 1792 at ~35yrs. by Joseph Désiré Court, at Musée de Versailles

Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, marquis de la Fayette (6 September 1757 – 20 May 1834), commonly known in English as Marquis de Lafayette, was a French military officer and aristocrat who participated in both the American and French revolutions. He permanently renounced the nobility and the title "Marquis"[1] before the French National Assembly on 19 June 1790.[2] Lafayette served in the American Revolutionary War both as a general and as a diplomat. He served entirely without pay in both roles, which he was able to do due to his family's immense wealth as feudal landowners. Later, he was to prove a key figure in the early phases of the French Revolution, serving in the Estates General and the subsequent National Constituent Assembly. He was a leading figure among the Feuillants, who tried to turn France into a constitutional monarchy, and commander of the French National Guard. Accused by Jean-Paul Marat of responsibility for the "Massacre of the Champ de Mars" (before which Lafayette was nearly assassinated), he subsequently was forced out of a leading role in the Revolution by Jacobin-Terror anarchists.[2] On 19 August 1792 the Jacobin party seized control of Paris and the National Assembly, ordering Lafayette's arrest. He fled France and was arrested by the Austrian army in Rochefort, Belgium. Thereafter, he spent five years in various Prussian / Austrian prisons allied with the British Empire. After a strenuous effort by his wife, that was aided by the French Directory that forced Napoleon's Army toward Austria, he was released in 1797; however, Napoleon did not want Lafayette to return to France and hoped he would leave forever to the United States. After three years in exile he quietly returned (aided again by his wife) and continued to be active in French and European politics until his death in 1834.[2][3]

Contents

[edit] Name and family

The name "La Fayette" is derived from an estate in Aix that belonged to the Motier family in the 13th century but this recent branch of the family changed to the one word form of the name. The original Gilbert Lafayette, Marshal of France, (from whom Lafayette drew his motto, "CUR NON?" - Latin for "WHY NOT?") fought, successfully, at the Battle of Baugé (also called Battle of Beauge) and nine years later for Joan of Arc. Lafayette's full name is seldom used in the United States, where he is usually known as "General Lafayette" or simply "Lafayette" (his preferences and as written on his birth certificate), but sometimes is called "the Marquis de Lafayette" (mistakenly or maliciously if used in post 1790 references, since he permanently renounced the nobility title on 19 June 1790)[1][2]. After 1790 and especially after the Bourbon Restoration, Lafayette's enemies viciously taunted him in the press by continually referring to him as "Marquis"[4] The name Lafayette may be written as one word or as two; one word is more typical in American usage and was Lafayette's preference (appearing on his birth certificate, all signatures to his letters and his grave stone) while the two-word form is preferred in contemporary British and French sources. Many places in the United States are named Lafayette, Fayette, or Fayetteville in his honor.

He was the father of one son and three daughters, of whom two survived.

Children:

  1. Henriette (1775-1775)
  2. George Washington Lafayette (1779–1849), whose godfather[citation needed] was Lafayette's close friend George Washington; like his father, George permanently disavowed the title[2] and served only in the lower House of the National Assembly. He married in 1802 Françoise Emilie Destutt de Tracy, and they had two sons and three daughters including:
    1. Oscar Gilbert Lafayette (1815–1881), liberal politician.
    2. Edmond Lafayette, (1818-1891)
  3. Anastasie Lafayette (1 July, 1777-1863), who married Charles Fay de LaTour-Maubourg (1774-1824), the youngest of the three LaTour-Maubourg brothers. (His eldest brother César (1756-1831) was a French general, one of Lafayette's closest, loyal friends and who was imprisoned, in isolation, the same as Lafayette, and is buried at the head of Lafayette's grave at Picpus/Paris.). They had a daughter:
    1. Jenny Fay de LaTour-Maubourg (6 September 1812 La Grange-Bleneau-15 April 1897 Turin) [5], who was matrilineal ancestress (great-great-grandmother) of Belgium's Queen Paola.
  4. Virginie (1782-1849), who married Louis de Lasteyrie du Saillant (1781-1826) (who permanently disavowed the aristocratic "Marquis" title[2] and had descendants surviving until date.) They had several children including two daughters listed here, one of whom was ancestress of the Pineton de Chambrun family. Another son was Jules, Marquis de Lasteyrie (1810-1884)

[edit] Early life

Lafayette was born at the Château de Chavaniac, near Le Puy-en-Velay, Haute-Loire, in the remote, volcanic-mountainous, Province of Auvergne, also known as the "Appalachia of France." His father was killed at the Battle of Minden in 1759 by a British cannon ball, and his mother and grandfather died in 1770. He was educated by his aunt and two priests (the second was the Abbe Fayon, Curé de Saint-Roch de Chavaniac), and at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. At the age of 16, Lafayette chose to follow the career of his father and grandfather, entering the French army on 9 April 1771. At the age of 16 he married Marie-Adrienne de Noailles, daughter of Jean-Paul-François, 5th duc de Noailles. Known as "Adrienne" or "Noailles Lafayette," she was famous for her simplicity, extraordinary charity, and bravery.

[edit] Departure from France

At 19, he was a captain of dragoons when the British colonies in America proclaimed their independence. He later wrote in his memoirs, "my heart was enrolled in it." Charles-François, comte de Broglie, whom he consulted, tried to discourage him from getting involved in the conflict. Broglie eventually presented him to Johann Kalb, who was also seeking service in America. On 7 December 1776 Lafayette made an arrangement through Silas Deane, an American agent in Paris, to enter the American service as a major general. At this moment, news arrived of grave disasters to the American cause. Lafayette's friends "officially" advised him to give up. Even the king had to "officially" forbid his leaving after British spies discovered his plan (and other clandestine aid to Americans). At the insistence of the British ambassador, orders were issued to seize the ship Lafayette was fitting out at Bordeaux and to have Lafayette arrested. He eluded capture disguised as a courier and sailed for America with 11 companions.[6] Although pursued by two British ships, he landed safely on North Island near Georgetown, South Carolina, on 13 June 1777 after a voyage of nearly two months.

[edit] American Revolution

Washington and Lafayette at Valley Forge
Washington and Lafayette at Valley Forge
Lafayette and Washington at Mt. Vernon, 1784
Lafayette and Washington at Mt. Vernon, 1784

Lafayette's introduction to America came at a dinner on 8 August 1775, when he met the Duke of Gloucester (brother of George III) who told him about the conflict in the colonies. With thoughts of the glory and excitement, Lafayette made plans to travel to America. He traveled with Baron Johan de Kalb, as both men wanted to go to America. He also met General Washington and a friendship developed between the two men that lasted as long as Washington lived. In addition to his military service, he contributed $200,000 of his own money to support the Revolution. He also helped persuade France to send more soldiers and supplies to the Americans.

Lafayette offered his services to the Americans as an unpaid volunteer. He presented himself to the Continental Congress with Deane's authority to request a commission of the highest rank after the commander-in-chief.

Congress then passed a resolution, on 31 July 1777, "that his services be accepted, and that, in consideration of his zeal, illustrious family, and connections, he have the rank and commission of major-general of the United States." The next day, Lafayette met George Washington, who became his lifelong friend. As a member of Washington's inner circle, Lafayette also became very close friends with young Alexander Hamilton, Washington's chief aide-de-camp.

Lafayette's first battle was Brandywine on 11 September 1777, where he was wounded in the leg. Shortly afterwards, he secured the command of a division — the immediate result of a communication from Washington to Congress of 1 November 1777, in which he said: "The Marquis de Lafayette is extremely solicitous of having a command equal to his rank. I do not know in what light Congress will view the matter, but it appears to me, from a consideration of his illustrious and, important connections, the attachment which he has manifested for our cause, and the consequences which his return in disgust might produce, that it will be advisable to gratify his wishes, and the more so as several gentlemen from France who came over under some assurances have gone back disappointed in their expectations. His conduct with respect to them stands in a favourable point of view—having interested himself to remove their uneasiness and urged the impropriety of their making any unfavourable representations upon their arrival at home. Besides, he is sensible, discreet in his manners, has made great proficiency in our language, and from the disposition he discovered at the battle of Brandywine possesses a large share of bravery and military ardour."

Monument to Lafayette erected in Paris by the schoolchildren of the USA
Monument to Lafayette erected in Paris by the schoolchildren of the USA

In the first months of 1778, Lafayette commanded troops detailed for the projected expedition against Canada. After that plan was aborted, Lafayette participated in the campaign in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, where he was commended for his retreat from Barren Hill (28 May 1778), and fought at the Battle of Monmouth (28 June). He received from Congress a formal recognition of his services in the Rhode Island expedition (August 1778).

Meanwhile, the signing of a formal Treaty of Alliance between the United States and France on 6 February 1778, prompted Great Britain to declare war against France. Lafayette asked leave to return to France to consult Louis XVI to further aid the Americans.

Lafayette left for France on 11 January 1779, where he was promoted from captain to "mestre de camp" in the French cavalry (approximately equal to colonel). After about six months of plotting, diverting (with John Paul Jones) and distracting the British from France, he returned to America, again serving as major-general at ~21 years old. From April until October 1781, he was charged with the defense of Virginia, where he showed his zeal by borrowing money on his own account to provide his soldiers with necessaries. Washington commended him for doing all that was possible with the forces at his disposal. In the siege of Yorktown, Lafayette bore an honorable if not a distinguished part.

At the end of 1781, Lafayette returned to France, where he was welcomed as a hero and promoted to the rank of maréchal de camp (brigadier general) in the French army. Lafayette then helped prepare for a combined French and Spanish expedition against the British West India Islands, of which he was appointed chief-of-staff. The armistice signed on 20 January 1783 between the countries put a stop to the expedition.

[edit] Views on slavery

Though Lafayette formerly owned slaves, he freed them and was actively interested in the abolitionist cause. After the end of the American war, he worked to free slaves in the Caribbean where the slave trade was booming. He urged Washington to free his slaves as an example to others. Lafayette purchased an estate in French Guiana and, assisted by his wife, arranged for freedom and education of these former slaves there, and he offered a place for Washington's slaves, writing "I would never have drawn my sword in the cause of America if I could have conceived thereby that I was founding a land of slavery." Washington did not free his own slaves in his lifetime, but a provision in his will stated that all of his slaves shall be freed upon the death of his wife Martha. Lafayette's attempt in that anti-slavery cause in French Guiana was interrupted by the Jacobin Terror in which both Lafayette and his wife were imprisoned and nearly executed.

[edit] French Revolution

Lafayette did not appear again prominently in public life until 1787, when he took his seat in the Assembly of Notables. He was the one who demanded that the Estates-General be called at the Assembly of Notables, thus becoming a leader in the French Revolution. In 1788, he was deprived of his active command. In 1789, Lafayette was elected to the Estates-General as representative from Auvergne, and he took with him a document remarkably similar to that of the American Bill of Rights, which would be adopted that same year.[7] When the Estates General convened on 5 May 1789 Lafayette was a member of the Second Estate, the Estate of the nobles. When King Louis XVI was confronted with difficulties of the Estates General, he closed the meeting room of the Third Estate, which rather than forcing a halt to their assembly, led them to meet in the Tennis Court outside. Lafayette was among the first group of nobles who joined the Third Estate.[8] This new group would call themselves the National Assembly and claim that they were the governing body in France. Lafayette rose to power quickly within the National Assembly, for on July 11, 1789 he presented the document he had brought with him, his Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens.[7] On 13 July 1789 Lafayette was nominated and elected vice-president of the Assembly after it became apparent that the current President did not have stamina to continue with all the late night meetings.[7] After his first night-long session as vice-president, Lafayette received word on 14 July 1789 that a mob in Paris had attacked the Bastille.[7]

After hearing the news about the Bastille, Lafayette raced into Paris hoping to calm the mob. He was able to pacify them with a speech and after the conclusion he was elected to be the head of the Paris militia, a body of citizen-soldiers that took the name of the National Guard.[7] On July 17, 1789 while Lafayette was escorting Louis XVI, an angry townsman handed the King the red and blue cockade of the city of Paris and demanded he wear it. The King in turn put it on next to the white of the Bourbons and Lafayette proclaimed that red, blue, and white were the new colors of the Revolution.[7] For the next three years, until the end of the constitutional limited-monarchy in 1792, he played a significant role in the course of the Revolution. In October 1789, he rescued Marie Antoinette from the hands of the populace, as well as many others who had been condemned to death. He briefly resigned his commission, but was soon induced to resume it.

After being fired upon twice by a mob then pelted by a hail of rocks, under Mayor Bailly's desist and martial law orders, Lafayette orders his soldiers to fire on members of the Cordeliers, July 17, 1791
After being fired upon twice by a mob then pelted by a hail of rocks, under Mayor Bailly's desist and martial law orders, Lafayette orders his soldiers to fire on members of the Cordeliers, July 17, 1791

In the Constituent Assembly he pleaded for religious tolerance, popular representation, the establishment of trial by jury, the gradual emancipation of slaves, freedom of the press, the abolition of arbitrary imprisonment and of titles of nobility, and the suppression of privileged orders. He drafted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen which was adopted by the Assembly. In February 1790, he refused the supreme command of the National Guard of the kingdom.

Lafayette and other constitutional limited-monarchists who supported the Revolution in its early years founded the "Society of 1789", which afterwards became the Feuillants Club, taking a position between Royalist supporters of absolute monarchy and liberalist groups such as the Jacobins and Cordeliers. Lafayette took a prominent part in the celebration of July 14, 1790, the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille. After suppressing a riot in April 1791 he again resigned his commission, and was again compelled to retain it. Louis XVI's deceptive flight to Varennes undermined the position of the constitutional limited-monarchists, especially Lafayette himself who, as Commander of the National Guard, had had the responsibility to keep the King secure. Shortly after, on July 17, 1791, a large crowd gathered at the Champ de Mars to sign a petition calling for the overthrow of the monarchy. Earlier the crowd beheaded two vagrants found sleeping under the Nation's Altar that the mob mistook for spies. The crowd then fired twice on the National Guard and pelted them with a hail of rocks. After martial law was ordered by Jean-Sylvain Bailly, the Mayor of Paris, the crowd was ordered to disperse, and when they did not, Lafayette ordered the National Guard to open fire and arrest the assassins in the crowd. About 50 people were killed in what became known as the "Massacre of the Champ de Mars", which decisively marked the end of the alliance between constitutional limited-monarchists and Jacobins which were now controlled by radicals like Jean-Paul Marat and Georges Danton. On the occasion of the proclamation of the constitution (September 18, 1791), Lafayette tried to retire into private life. This did not prevent his friends from proposing him for the mayoralty of Paris in opposition to Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve.

Memorial plaque of Lafayette in Olomouc (Czech Republic), where he was held as a prisoner.
Memorial plaque of Lafayette in Olomouc (Czech Republic), where he was held as a prisoner.

In December 1791, Lafayette was placed in command of three armies formed on the eastern frontier to attack Austria. He was nevertheless opposed to the further advance of the Jacobin party, intending eventually to use his army for the restoration of a Constitutional, limited monarchy out of respect for the authentic Christian nature of Louis XVI. During this time printed attacks against Lafayette, especially from Jean-Paul Marat were at a crescendo. On August 19, 1792, the Assembly declared him a traitor and Georges Danton took control of the National Guard. Lafayette took refuge in the neutral territory of Liège, where he was taken and held as a prisoner of state for five years, first in Prussia and afterwards in Austrian prisons (1794–1797 in Olmutz, now Olomouc) in spite of intercession by the United States. During this time the Anglophile Holy Roman Emperor Francis II ruled. Francis II was opposite in political outlook from former Emperor Joseph II who was pro-American and pro-Lafayette but died too early in 1790 and is known as "The Poor Man's Emperor",[9] and an anti-feudal, reformist like his brother-in-law Louis XVI. Very large subsidies were paid by the British Empire to Austria during this time. Several letters from Lafayette's wife state that the reason for Lafayette's prolonged imprisonment was the machinations of Pitt the Younger. Napoleon, however, was forced by the Directory (which was pro-Lafayette at that time), and stipulated in the preconditions of the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797) that Lafayette be released. He was not allowed to return to France by Napoleon who increasingly seized more power. Lafayette, after his wife's pleading to Napoleon, returned in 1799. In 1802 he voted against the life consulate of Napoleon, and in 1804, against the imperial title.

[edit] Later years

Portrait of General Lafayette (1757-1834), about 1825, probably by Matthew Harris Jouett (1788-1827) after Ary Sheffer, oil on canvas. Courtesy of the U.S. National Portrait Gallery, gift of the John Hay Whitney Collection.
Portrait of General Lafayette (1757-1834), about 1825, probably by Matthew Harris Jouett (1788-1827) after Ary Sheffer, oil on canvas. Courtesy of the U.S. National Portrait Gallery, gift of the John Hay Whitney Collection.

He never remarried, and remained very devoted to his wife, who died in December 1807. She apparently had succumb from complications due to lead[10][11] and laudanum, medical-treatment she received after suffing TB, chronic skin, and other diseases she contracted during three imprisonments. First in Auvergne, then Paris (during the height of the Terror when she was nearly guillotined), and later in a British-subsidized, Austrian Empire dungeon for the later 2 years with her husband. Adrienne found her way deep into Austrian territory, in disguise and using a false passport, and by this self-sacrifice, drawing world-wide attention (especially from the then, shortly, pro-Lafayette French Directory that forced Napoleon, reluctantly) and thereby saved her husband's life when all the other American and British-Whig-minority-opposition rescue attempts failed.[3]

He lived in retirement during the First Empire, but returned to public affairs under the First Restoration and took some part in the political events of the Hundred Days. From 1818 to 1824, he was deputy for Sarthe, speaking and voting always on the Liberal side, even sympathizing with the Carbonari.

His last, invitational and triumphal visit to all 24 of the then United States of America (plus two territories-future states) was between July 1824 and September 1825. He arrived from France at Staten Island, N.Y., on August 15, 1824. Later in the trip, he received an honorary United States citizenship while attending the inaugural banquet of the University of Virginia, at Jefferson's invitation. He was voted, by the U.S. Congress, the sum of $200,000 and a township of land. On the recommendation of some friends, Lafayette chose a parcel of land that today makes up the northeast part of Tallahassee, Florida. Among other cities, he visited Fayetteville, North Carolina, the first city to have been named in his honor and St. Louis, Missouri where Lafayette Square Park was subsequently named in his honor. The 2nd Battalion, 11th New York Artillery, was one of many militia commands who turned out in welcome. This unit decided to adopt the title "National Guard", in honor of Lafayette's celebrated Garde Nationale de Paris. The Battalion, later the 7th Regiment, was prominent in the line of march on the occasion of Lafayette's final passage through New York en route before returning home to France on the frigate USS Brandywine that had 24 officers on board, as tributes, each representing his own home state, to which, all 24 of the United States were represented. Wherever he went he was honored by special ceremonies organized by American Masonic Lodges. Tradition has it that, with General Washington's sponsorship[citation needed], Lafayette had been raised as a Master Mason in 1777 or 1778 shortly after his arrival in America. However, as Washington's letters show,[12] by the end of the war, since some of the worst traitors like Benedict Arnold were masons, fraternal focus turned to the proven loyal in his Society of the Cincinnati, of which, one of the biggest Chapters was in France.

In 1824, he was the guest of honor at the first commencement ceremony of the George Washington University. Also in that year, he visited the town of Lexington, Massachusetts, where the first battle of the American Revolution had occurred.

From 1825 to his death, he sat in the Chamber of Deputies for Meaux. During the Revolution of 1830, he again took command of the National Guard and pursued the same line of conduct as in the first revolution. In 1834, he made his last speech, on behalf of Polish political refugees, many of whom he hid in the attic of his modest country home, Château La Grange (48 km (30 m) miles east of Paris, near Rozy-en-Brie,[13]) which had belonged to his wife's family. He was known to his country neighbors there for his extraordinary charity during times of famine and disease. He died in Paris on May 20, 1834 and was buried in the Cimetière de Picpus, under soil from brought back from Bunker Hill during his 1824 visit.[14][15]

[edit] Legacy

Bronze statue of General Lafayette by Daniel Chester French at Lafayette College.
Bronze statue of General Lafayette by Daniel Chester French at Lafayette College.
A handbill from Lafayette's funeral.
A handbill from Lafayette's funeral.
A U.S. Postage Stamp commemorating Lafayette.
A U.S. Postage Stamp commemorating Lafayette.

Although he spent a total of less than five years in America (in 1776-79, 1780-81, 1784, and 1824-25), he was more admired there than perhaps any other foreign visitor in American history. In 1824, the United States government named in his honor Lafayette Park, immediately north of the White House in Washington, D.C. In 1826, Lafayette College was chartered in Easton, Pennsylvania. In 1873, Lafayette Square in Buffalo, New York was named after him. In 1876, a monument was erected to him in New York City, and in 1883 another was erected in Le Puy-en-Velay, near his birthplace.

Many U.S. counties, cities, towns and townships bear such names as La Fayette, LaFayette, Lafayette, Fayette and Fayetteville in his honor, as does Mount Lafayette in New Hampshire. Three U.S. naval vessels have been named after him, the most recent being the nuclear Fleet Ballistic Missile submarine USS Lafayette (SSBN-616) which served until 1991.

During World War II, the American flag was draped on his grave, even though it was in Nazi-occupied territory. Portraits of Washington and Lafayette hang to this day in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives.

In 1958, former U.S. Representative Hamilton Fish III, a World War I veteran, founded the Order of Lafayette.[16] Membership in the Order is based on service in France or French territories in either World War I or World War II, or descent from a veteran of those wars. In France, a reconstruction of the frigate Hermione, in which Lafayette returned to America in 1779, has been located in Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, since 1997.

Even though George Washington had already adopted him, Congress granted him honorary citizenship twice, first in 1824 for himself and his descendants[17][18][19] and then again on 6 August 2002.[20]

The Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) says of Lafayette, "Few men have owed more of their success and usefulness to their family rank than La Fayette, and still fewer have abused it less. He never achieved distinction in the field, and his political career proved him to be incapable of ruling a great national movement; but he had strong convictions which always impelled him to study the interests of humanity, and a pertinacity in maintaining them, which, in all the strange vicissitudes of his eventful life, secured him a very unusual measure of public respect. No citizen of a foreign country has ever had so many and such warm admirers in America, nor does any statesman in France appear to have ever possessed uninterruptedly for so many years such a large measure of popular influence and respect. He had what Jefferson called a 'canine appetite' for popularity and fame, but in him the appetite only seemed to make him more anxious to merit the fame which he enjoyed. He was brave to rashness; and he never shrank from danger or responsibility if he saw the way open to spare life or suffering, to protect the dead, to sustain the law and preserve order."

[edit] Lafayette in the media

[edit] Notes and Citations

  1. ^ a b Niles' Weekly Register, BALTIMORE, June 26,1824; LAFAYETTE (before Lafayette’s arrival in NYC on 15 August 1824, in an 1818 book preface to Olive Branch, Lafayette’s close friend and protégé Mathew Carey wrote of Nile's, "the best periodical work ever published in America")
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Lafayette, Memoires, Correspondence et..." (French Edition), Paris, 1837, volume 2 of 6, pp. 408-410; Lafayette, Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette" (English edition), London, 1837, volume 2 of 3 (only first 3 of 6 volumes translated), pp. 392-394. (M.J.P.R.Y.G.D. LAFAYETTE. LIEUTENANT GÉNÉRAL ET MEMBRE DE LA CHAMBRE DES DÉPUTÉS)
  3. ^ a b de Chambrun, René, "Les prisons de La Fayette. 10 ans de courage et d'amour", Edition Perrin, 1977.
  4. ^ Neely, Sylvia, "Lafayette and the Liberal Ideal, 1814-1824", 1991, page 81: "...Lafayette asked for a copy of the mayor's letter. He also reminded him that the only title he used was 'general.'". Page 63: "Lafayette insisted on that title instead of his old title of 'marquis' to emphasize his commitment to the abolition of nobility. Conversely, royalists ostentatiously used his noble title to annoy him." Note 63 -Lafayette to Goyet, 18 October 1822, Galpin. Page 103: "The personal feelings of M. le marquis de la Fayette' were not at issue, according to Bellart. Although this exchange allowed Lafayette to associate himself with press freedom and to declare himself above petty accusations, Bellart, too, had made some telling points. He had labeled the press irresponsible and had ostentatiously used the noble title which Lafayette disdained, thus annoying Lafayette and pleasing his enemies." Note 55 Moniteur, 29 April 1819, p. 527 (trans.). The comtesse de Nesselrode, for example, wrote to her husband: "I hope you did not miss the letter that La Fayette wrote to M. Bellart and the latter's reply, which is charming, sharp, witty and in which he makes a point of calling him marquis de lafayette for he is french." In Comte A. de Nesselrode, ed., Lettres et papiers du chance-lier comte de Nesselrode (11 vols.; Paris: A. Lahure, 1904-1912?), VI, 73-74 (trans.).
  5. ^ Jenny Fay de LaTour-Maubourg, retrieved 1 December 2007
  6. ^ "Lafayette, Memoirs", 1838, volume 1, p. 13 ff., p. 71 ff.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Gerson, Noel B., "Statue in Search of a Pedestal: a Biography of the Marquis de Lafayette", New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1976, pp. 81-83
  8. ^ De La Fuye, Maurice, and Babeau, Emile, "The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of La Fayette", New York: Thomas Yoseloff, Inc., 1956, p. 83
  9. ^ McGuigan, D.G. , The Hapsburgs, 1966, (Chapter IX titled The Poor Man's Emperor, Joseph II who, unfortunately, died of tuberculosis in 1790, and, like his brother-in-law Louis XVI was an extremely rare, anti-aristocratic, friend to the fledgling U.S.)
  10. ^ Burton, June K., "Two 'Better Halves' in the Worst of Times - Adrienne Noailles Lafayette (1759-1807) and Fanny Burney d’Arblay (1752-1840) as Medical and Surgical Patients under the First Empire", 1999, for American Friends of Lafayette; Burton, June K., "Napoleon and the Woman Question", 2007, chapter 10. Note: This author (in both publications) mistakes Anastasie Lafayette for the real author in the "dual biography" who was actually Virginie Lafayette (that includes "Life of Madame Lafayette"). Note also, that same 1872 English translation of that dual biography, by Marquis Louis de Lasteyrie, has hundreds of lines of censored text.)
  11. ^ Ironically, Beethoven, the composer of the related and heavily censored, first rescue opera of this type, (after J.N. Bouilly's, "Beaumarchaisian" opera, "Leonore, ou l'amour conjugal", Paris, February, 1798, was written just months after a play, of the same name which was performed in Paris in May, 1797, that includes General and Mme. Lafayette by their real names!) also died from Lead poisoning, which causes central nervous system damage including, says CDC, hearing loss -- SEE Beethoven's Hair; An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved, by Russell Martin, 2001, Broadway.
  12. ^ The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-1799. John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor,1941, volume 36, pp. 452-3, Mount Vernon, September 25, 1798, Letter of George Washington to G.W. Snyder, "... The fact is, I preside over none, nor have I been in one more than once or twice, within the last thirty years. ..." [i.e. all the way back to ~1768]
  13. ^ Château La Grange is maintained as a museum and shrine by the Fondation de Chambrun; in December 2007 George Washington's specially commissioned gold medal in the shape of an eagle, presented to Lafayette, was purchased at auction by the Foundation, for display at La Grange. ("Revolutionary hero's medal fetches more than 5 million at auction").
  14. ^ Color photo of Lafayette grave, 1917
  15. ^ Kathleen, McKenna (2007). On Bunker Hill, a boost in Lafayette profile. Boston Globe. Retrieved on 2008-05-05.
  16. ^ Official website of the Order of Lafayette, an American hereditary order that promotes commemoration of Americans who fought in France and Franco-American friendship. Accessed 2008-04-14.
  17. ^ Van EE, PM, "Library Purchases Manuscript Atlas: Lafayette's Travels in America Documented". In official website of United States Library of Congress. Accessed 2008-04-14.
  18. ^ "the Marquis de Lafeyette". In official website of Clan Sinclair. Accessed 2008-04-14.
  19. ^ "Marquis de Lafayette Collection, 1781-1834: Finding Aid". In University Library Digital Collection website of Princeton University. Accessed 2008-04-14.
  20. ^ Public Law 107-209(TXT)(PDF), conferring honorary citizenship of the United States, again, posthumously on the (former) Marquis de Lafayette. In "GPO Access" on official website of United States Government Printing Office. Accessed 2008-04-14.

[edit] See also

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

[edit] External links

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