Gheorghe Apostol
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| Gheorghe Apostol | |
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General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party
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| In office 1954 – 1955 |
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| Preceded by | Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej |
| Succeeded by | Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej |
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| Born | May 16, 1913 Tudor Vladimirescu, Romania |
| Nationality | Romanian |
| Political party | Communist Party of Romania |
Gheorghe Apostol (born May 16, 1913) is a Romanian politician, and a former leader of the Communist Party noted for his rivalry with Nicolae Ceauşescu. He was born near Tudor Vladimirescu, Galaţi County.
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[edit] Early life
After training at the Căile Ferate Române (CFR) school, he worked in a CFR foundry in Galaţi. In 1932, Apostol met Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, and got involved in the communist underground. He joined the Party in 1934 and became its link with the railway trade unions and minor left-leaning groups in Galaţi.
Arrested several times, Apostol was sentenced in 1937 to three years in prison, which he served in Galaţi and Doftana. His activities upon his release from jail got him interned in camps for political prisoners, at Târgu Jiu, Caracal, and Miercurea Ciuc. In August 1944, as the Red Army was approaching the Romanian border, Apostol and several communist figures detained at Târgu Jiu escaped and made their way to the underground. The version of the story follows Apostol's official biography of the 1950s; photos taken upon the liberation of the camp (published in Dosarele Istoriei, for instance), clearly showing him in the middle of the crowd of former prisoners, make the escape account doubtful.
[edit] With Gheorghiu-Dej
He was among the most prominent collaborators of Gheorghiu-Dej. As members of the so-called prison faction, opposed to the large group of Party members who had taken refuge in the Soviet Union prior to 1944, Gheorghe Apostol and Gheorghiu-Dej walked the fine line between Stalinism and reformism. Thus, Communist Romania did not steer away from Soviet policies until 1953, and Gheorghiu-Dej even got Joseph Stalin's approval for the removal of rival Ana Pauker (still regarded as a leftwing extremist by Apostol—see the interview linked below), as well as for the elimination of Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu (a Romanian communist who was not completely loyal to the Soviets). After Stalin's death in 1953, the regime in Romania, headed by the same inner circle, largely opposed Nikita Khrushchev and de-Stalinization, while carrying out its own reforms and attempting to cut off most economic ties to the Soviet Union.
Apostol continued to be the favoured link between the Party (then named Partidul Muncitoresc Român, PMR - "Romanian Workers' Party") and the trade unions. At the same time, he climbed steadily in the Party hierarchy: a Central Committee member in 1945, a Politburo member in 1948, and a First Secretary in 1954-55. He was Minister of Agriculture in 1953-54, a member of the Great National Assembly legislative body, whose President he also was, and recipient of several national honours.
According to Apostol himself, an ailing Gheorghiu-Dej would have decided to appoint him as his successor in 1964: as confirmation, Apostol was sent to represent the Romanian government at Jawaharlal Nehru's funeral. Ion Gheorghe Maurer would have rallied the Party leadership around the neutral option represented by Ceauşescu, making sure that Apostol did not represent a threat upon Gheorghiu-Dej's death.
[edit] Apostol vs. Ceauşescu
As a result, Apostol became deeply hostile to Ceauşescu's policies, stating that they went against the legacy of Gheorghiu-Dej (in 2003, he described the latter as democratic socialism). He refused to pay the allegiance demanded by the new leader. Protected by Emil Bodnăraş, he was advised to take refuge in a diplomatic career, becoming ambassador to Argentina and then Brazil.
In 1988, at the peak of Nicolae Ceauşescu's leadership, Apostol returned to Romania and contacted other communist figures of his generation (such as Alexandru Bârlădeanu, Silviu Brucan, Corneliu Mănescu, Constantin Pîrvulescu, and Grigore Răceanu) drafting an open letter of protest (dubbed Scrisoarea celor şase - "Letter of the Six"), directed at the government and made public (March 11, 1989) through the means of both Radio Free Europe and Voice of America. According to Apostol, several Letter contributors expressed their concern at having to use Imperialist means of propaganda.
As a result, Apostol was placed under house arrest, being constantly interrogated - in the hope that he would reveal himself as a "Soviet spy". The Romanian Revolution, which the Letter had helped along, liberated him in December.
Apostol has expressed his dislike for many aspects of post-revolutionary Romania. He has attempted to refound the communist option as the (now defunct) Socialist Labour Party, with the assistance of Ilie Verdeţ.
[edit] Family
Apostol was married to Melita Scherf, a Romanian journalist, in 1944, but separated in 1956 and subsequently divorced. He presently lives with his wife Adriana (m. 1967). He has three children - Geta (b. 1935), Gheorghe (b. 1945), and Sanda (b. 1952) - and four grandchildren.
[edit] References
- Dosarele Istoriei, 4/1996
- Vladimir Tismăneanu, Fantoma lui Gheorghiu-Dej, Editura Univers, 1995
[edit] External links
- (Romanian) Călin Cosmaciuc, Blestemul glontului "roşu", Evenimentul Zilei, March 13, 2007, accessed December 12, 2007
| Preceded by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej |
First secretary
of the Romanian Communist Party |
Succeeded by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej |
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