George Grote
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George Grote (November 17, 1794–June 18, 1871) was an English classical historian, best known in the field for a major work, the voluminous History of Greece, still read.
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[edit] Biography
He was born at Clay Hill near Beckenham in Kent. His grandfather, Andreas, originally a Bremen merchant, was one of the founders (January 1, 1766) of the banking-house of Grote, Prescott & Company in Threadneedle Street, London (the name of Grote did not disappear from the firm till 1879). His father, another George, married (1793) Selina, daughter of Henry Peckwell (1747–1787), minister of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon's chapel in Westminster and his wife Bella Blosset (descended from a Huguenot officer Salomon Blosset de Loche who left the Dauphiné on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes), and had one daughter and ten sons, of whom George was the eldest.
Educated at first by his mother, George Grote was sent to Sevenoaks grammar school (1800–1804) and afterwards to Charterhouse School (1804–1810), where he studied under Dr Raine in company with Connop Thirlwall, George and Horace Waddington and Henry Havelock. In spite of Grote's school successes, his father refused to send him to university and sent him to work at the bank. He spent all his spare time in the study of classics, history, metaphysics and political economy, and in learning German, French and Italian. Driven by his mother's Puritanism and his father's contempt for academic learning, he sought other friends, one of whom was Charles Hay Cameron, who strengthened him in his love of philosophy. Through another friend, George W Norman, he met his wife, Harriet Lewin. After various difficulties the marriage took place on March 5, 1820, and was a happy one.
Meanwhile, Grote had finally decided his philosophic and political attitude. In 1817 he came under the influence of David Ricardo, and through him of James Mill and Jeremy Bentham. He settled in 1820 in a house attached to the bank in Threadneedle Street, where his only child died a week after its birth. During Mrs Grote's convalescence at Hampstead, he wrote his first published work, the Statement of the Question of Parliamentary Reform (1821), in reply to Sir James Mackintosh's article in the Edinburgh Review, advocating popular representation, vote by ballot and short parliaments. In 1822 he published in the Morning Chronicle (April) a letter against Canning's attack on Lord John Russell, and edited, or rather re-wrote, some discursive papers of Bentham, which he published under the title Analysis of the Influence of Natural Religion on the Temporal Happiness of Mankind by Philip Beauchamp (1822). The book was published in the name of Richard Carlile, then in gaol at Dorchester. Though not a member of John Stuart Mill's Utilitarian Society (1822–1823), he took a great interest in a society for reading and discussion, which met from 1823 onwards in a room at the bank before business hours, twice a week. Mrs Grote claimed to have first suggested the History of Greece in 1823; but the book was already in preparation in 1822. In 1826 Grote published in the Westminster Review (April) a criticism of William Mitford's History of Greece, which shows that his ideas were already in order. From 1826 to 1830 he was hard at work with JS Mill and Henry Brougham in the organization of the new "university" in Gower Street. He was a member of the council which organized the faculties and the curriculum; but in 1830, owing to a difference with Mill as to an appointment to one of the philosophical chairs, he resigned his position.
In 1830 he went abroad, and spent some months in Paris with the Liberal leaders. Recalled by his father's death (July 6), he became manager of the bank, and took a leading position among the city Radicals. In 1831 he published his important Essentials of Parliamentary Reform (an elaboration of his previous Statement), and, after refusing to stand as parliamentary candidate for the city in 1831, changed his mind and was elected head of the poll, with three other Liberals, in December 1832. After serving in three parliaments, he resigned in 1841, by which time his party ("the philosophic Radicals") had dwindled away. During these years of active public life, his interest in Greek history and philosophy had increased, and after a trip to Italy in 1842, he severed his connection with the bank and devoted himself to literature. In 1846 the first two volumes of the History appeared, and the remaining ten between 1847 and the spring of 1856. In 1845 with Molesworth and Raikes Currie he gave monetary assistance to Auguste Comte, then in financial difficulties. The formation of the Sonderbund (July 20, 1847) led him to visit Switzerland and study for himself a condition of things in some sense analogous to that of the ancient Greek states. This visit resulted in the publication in The Spectator of seven weekly letters, collected in book form at the end of 1847 (see a letter to de Tocqueville in Mrs Grote's reprint of the Seven Letters, 1876).
In 1856 Grote began to prepare his works on Plato and Aristotle. Plato and the Other Companions of Sokrates (3 vols.) appeared in 1865. The work on Aristotle he did not complete. He had finished the Organon and was about to deal with the metaphysical and physical treatises when he died, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. He is said, in some estimations, to have been a man of strong character and self-control, unfailing courtesy and unswerving devotion to what he considered the best interests of the nation. Other historians, such as Guy MacLean Rogers, consider he can reasonably be accused of anti-clerical bias, but challenges the Afrocentric analysis of Grote's most ardent contemporary critics such as Martin Bernal. Bernal has characterised Grote as culturally opposed to an appreciation of Afro-asiatic origins of classical civilisation. Grotes's time on the Council at University College, London was characterised by his contentious approach to two liberal nonconformists: John Hoppus and James Martineau; both of whom found ways to work around his opposition. It is apparent that Grote's life has attracted a wide variety of biographical comment due to his strong views.
[edit] Principal Works
- Statement of the Question of Parliamentary Reform 1821
- Analysis of the Influence of Natural Religion On the Temporal Happiness, of Mankind. (From Jeremy Bentham's notes) 1822
- Essentials of Parliamentary Reform 1831
- Speech of George Grote, Esq. M.P., delivered April 25th, 1833, in the House of Commons, on moving for the introduction of the vote by ballot at elections 1831
- A history of Greece; from the earliest period to the close of the generation contemporary with Alexander the Great. 1846-1856
- Seven letters on the recent politics of Switzerland. 1847
- Life, teachings, and death of Socrates. From Grote's history of Greece. 1859
- Plato, and the other companions of Sokrates. 1865
- Review of the work of Mr. John Stuart Mill entitled 'Examination of Sir William Hamilton's philosophy'. 1868
- Poems, 1815-1823 1872
- The minor works of George Grote (With Alexander Bain) 1873
[edit] References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- "Grote, George." British Authors of the Nineteenth Century H.C Wilson Company, New York, 1936.
[edit] Further reading
- Arnaldo Momigliano: George Grote and the Study of Greek History. London: H. K. Lewis and Co., Ltd., 1952.
- Martin L. Clarke: George Grote: A Biography. London: Athlone Press, 1962.
- William M. Calder [Ed.]: George Grote reconsidered: a 200th birthday celebration. (Added: With a first ed. of his essay "Of the Athenian government". Ed. by William M. Calder III and Stephen Trzaskoma. (Festschrift für George Grote). Hildesheim: Weidmann 1996. ISBN 3-615-00180-X.
- Kyriacos N. Demetriou: George Grote on Plato and Athenian democracy, a study in classical reception. Frankfurt am Main ; Berlin ; Bern ; Bruxelles ; New York ; Wien: Lang, 1999. ISBN 3-631-32739-0; ISBN 0-8204-3554-6
- Lefkowitz, Mary & MacLean, Rogers. 'Black Athena Revisited'. University of North Carolina Press. 1996.
