Geopotential height

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Geopotential height is a vertical coordinate referenced to Earth's mean sea level — an adjustment to geometric height (elevation above mean sea level) using the variation of gravity with latitude and elevation. Thus it can be considered a "gravity-adjusted height." One usually speaks of the geopotential height of a certain pressure level, which would correspond to the geopotential height necessary to reach the given pressure.

At an elevation of $h$ , the geopotential is defined as

$\Phi = \int_0^h g(\phi,z)\,dz\, ,$

where $g (φ, z)$ is the acceleration due to gravity, $φ$ is latitude, and $z$ is the geometric elevation.

Thus, it is the gravitational potential energy per unit mass at that level. The geopotential height is

${Z_g} = \frac{\Phi}{g_{0}}\,,$

where $g 0$ is the standard gravity at mean sea level.

Geophysical scientists often use geopotential height rather than geometric height, because doing so in many cases makes analytical calculations more convenient. For example, the primitive equations which weather forecast models solve are more easily expressed in terms of geopotential than geometric height. Using the former eliminates centrifugal force and air density (which is very difficult to measure) in the equations.

A plot of geopotential height for a single pressure level shows the troughs and ridges, Highs and Lows, which are typically seen on upper air charts. The geopotential thickness between pressure levels — difference of the 850 hPa and 1000 hPa geopotential heights for example — is proportional to mean virtual temperature in that layer. Geopotential height contours can be used to calculate the geostrophic wind, which is faster where the contours are more closely spaced and tangential to the geopotential height contours.